question

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

answer

Recall

question

Which test of memory has the fewest retrieval cues?

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Recall

question

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr.Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

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Recognition

question

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

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Storage

question

The original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing introduced distinctions among

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Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

question

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded to short-term memory

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Sensory memory

question

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute of two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her _________ memory

answer

Short-term memory

question

According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual-spatial-information in our ________ memory.

answer

Working

question

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory

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Long-term; Working

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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

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Working memory

question

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

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Effortful processing

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Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

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Conscious rehearsal

question

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates

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Two-track mind

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We encode implicit memories by means

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Automatic processing

question

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ______ memory

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Implicit

question

Explicit memory is also known as

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Declarative memory

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Implicit memory is to explicit memory as _______ is to ________

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Automatic processing; Effortful processing

question

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically _________ memories.

answer

Implicit

question

Another term for implicit memory is _________ memory

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Nondeclarative

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The effortful processing of information

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Can become automatic through practice

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Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

answer

Long-term

question

Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that brain regions send input to your

answer

Frontal lobes

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Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

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Left frontal lobe

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Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

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Hippocampus

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The experience of memory loss is

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Amnesia

question

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn

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The names of newly introduced people

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Damage to the ______ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs

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Left hippocampus; Right hippocampus

question

A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

answer

Hippocampus to the cortex

question

Cerebellum is to _______ memory as hippocampus is to ______ memory

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Implicit; Explicit

question

The basal ganglia facilitate the process of

answer

procedural memories

question

Damage to the _______ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play a piano

answer

Hippocampus

question

Which of the following is a most likely explanation of infantile amnesia

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The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature ???

question

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in

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Long-term memory

question

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

answer

Long-term potentiation

question

By activating the amygdala, the stress hormones facilitate

answer

long-term potentiation.

question

Memories are primed by

answer

Retrieval cues

question

Eyewitness to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates

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Context-dependent memory

question

After his last drinking spree, Tom hid the half bottle of liquor. He could not remember where he hid the bottle till he started drinking again. Tom's pattern of recall best illustrates

answer

State-dependent memory

question

Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experience while learning something becomes

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Retrieval cues

question

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

answer

Retrograde amnesia

question

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to his surgery, but was unable to form new conscious memories. This memory difficulty most clearly illustrate

answer

Anterograde amnesia

question

We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to

answer

Storage decay

question

A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates

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Storage decay

question

An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as

answer

Retrieval failure

question

Proactive interference refers to the

answer

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

question

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called

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Retroactive Interference

question

Retroactive interference involves the disruption of

answer

Memory retrieval

question

Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called

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Positive transfer

question

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. The memory failure best illustrates

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Motivated forgetting

question

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ___________ rarely, if ever occurs

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Repression

question

The inability to form new memories

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Anterograde amnesia

question

Jimmy was a patient with anterograde amnesia triggered by brain damage 1945. Jimmy lost his ability to form new _______ memories but his ability for ________ remained intact.

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Explicit; Automatic processing

question

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is explained in terms of

answer

Encoding failure

question

When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentarily inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) _______ failure.

answer

Retrieval

question

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that

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The most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

question

The occasional tip of the tongue forgetting experience by older adults can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with

answer

Retrieval

question

Knowledge of Latin can help people learn French. This illustrates

answer

Positive transfer

question

Every time we "replay" a memory, we replaced the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this

answer

Memory consolidation

question

The misinformation effects refers to

answer

Incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event

question

Authors and songwriters sometimes think an idea came from their own creative imagination when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard. This best illustrates

answer

Source amnesia

question

When we fall in love we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first started dating. This illustrates the dynamics of

answer

Memory construction

question

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

answer

Memory

question

When an eyewitness is asked to describe what happened which measure of memory is being used?

answer

Recall

question

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

answer

The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

question

An information processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as

answer

Connectionism

question

Some information in our fleeting ___________ is encoding into short-term memory

answer

Sensory memory

question

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced before surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulties most clearly illustrates

answer

Anterograde amnesia

question

Following brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

answer

Implicit

question

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that _______ rarely if ever occurs.

answer

Repression

question

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars filmed a traffic accident when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. The experiment best illustrated

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapist is (are) likely to promote false memories in patients?

answer

All of the above (Hypnosis, Guided imagery, Dream analysis)

question

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of

answer

Behavioral consistency

question

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

answer

Personality

question

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

answer

Psychodynamic theories

question

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

answer

Conscious and unconscious mental process

question

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

By professional training, Freud was a

answer

Physician

question

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from

answer

Psychological processes

question

According to Freud, the unconscious is

answer

The thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories which we are largely unaware

question

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state out loud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

answer

Free association

question

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

answer

ID

question

Gender identity refers to

answer

The sense of being a male or female

question

Gene spends a good deal of his time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the _______ stage.

answer

Phallic

question

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms are used by the

answer

Ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

question

When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw her uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of

answer

Repression

question

Freud believed that the manifest content of dreams consisted of

answer

Censored expression of our unconscious wishes ???

question

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

answer

Regression

question

Four year old Timmy had not wet his bed in over a year. However he started bed wetting again after his little sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates

answer

Regression

question

Parents who disguise hostility toward children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of

answer

Reaction formation

question

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanation replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

answer

Rationalization

question

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism

answer

Displacement

question

Over generalized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

answer

Stereotypes

question

Which of the following describes a stereotype

answer

Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful

question

Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called

answer

Discrimination

question

Prejudice is a(n) ______; discrimination is a(n) _______

answer

Attitude; Behavior

question

Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often

answer

Unconscious

question

Neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion processing center known as the

answer

Amygdala

question

Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty; and they are ________ likely than men to be illiterate

answer

More;more

question

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way to justify

answer

Social inequalities

question

The people who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrates

answer

The just-world phenomenon

question

In group bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice

answer

Social identities

question

The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)

answer

Outgroup

question

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

answer

Ingroup bias

question

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

answer

Frustration

question

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called

answer

Other-race effect

question

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by

answer

hindsight bias

question

According to the text, aggression always involves

answer

The intent to hurt

question

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?

answer

A child who tries to hit another child with a rock

question

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol

answer

Increased;increased

question

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

answer

An attempt to achieve some goal is blocked

question

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

answer

"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."

question

Creating groups based on a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

answer

Ingroup bias

question

Following the consumption of alcohol, people are increasingly likely to respond to minor frustrations with violent outburst. This best illustrates

answer

Interaction of biology and experience.

question

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it

answer

Influenced by social behavior

question

People who have MAOA gene expression has been identified as those who are most likely to

answer

Engage in agression

question

A passenger in a crowded subway train accidentally stepped on Arnold's foot. Research suggest that Arnold would be most likely to respond aggressively to this accident if he has.

answer

Higher-than-average level of testosterone

Psych Mods 21-23, 34, 37 – Flashcards

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