Psych Mods 21-23, 34, 37 – Flashcards
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The original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing introduced distinctions among
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Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
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Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded to short-term memory
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Sensory memory
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Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute of two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her _________ memory
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Short-term memory
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According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual-spatial-information in our ________ memory.
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Working
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Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory
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Long-term; Working
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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
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Working memory
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called
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Effortful processing
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Automatic processing most clearly occurs without
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Conscious rehearsal
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The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates
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Two-track mind
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We encode implicit memories by means
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Automatic processing
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Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ______ memory
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Implicit
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Explicit memory is also known as
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Declarative memory
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Implicit memory is to explicit memory as _______ is to ________
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Automatic processing; Effortful processing
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Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically _________ memories.
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Implicit
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Another term for implicit memory is _________ memory
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Nondeclarative
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The effortful processing of information
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Can become automatic through practice
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Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?
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Long-term
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Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that brain regions send input to your
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Frontal lobes
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Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the
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Left frontal lobe
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Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?
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Hippocampus
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The experience of memory loss is
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Amnesia
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Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn
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The names of newly introduced people
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Damage to the ______ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs
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Left hippocampus; Right hippocampus
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A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the
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Hippocampus to the cortex
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Cerebellum is to _______ memory as hippocampus is to ______ memory
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Implicit; Explicit
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The basal ganglia facilitate the process of
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procedural memories
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Damage to the _______ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play a piano
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Hippocampus
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Which of the following is a most likely explanation of infantile amnesia
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The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature ???
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A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in
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Long-term memory
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The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
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Long-term potentiation
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By activating the amygdala, the stress hormones facilitate
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long-term potentiation.
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Memories are primed by
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Retrieval cues
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Eyewitness to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates
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Context-dependent memory
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After his last drinking spree, Tom hid the half bottle of liquor. He could not remember where he hid the bottle till he started drinking again. Tom's pattern of recall best illustrates
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State-dependent memory
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Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experience while learning something becomes
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Retrieval cues
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An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called
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Retrograde amnesia
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After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to his surgery, but was unable to form new conscious memories. This memory difficulty most clearly illustrate
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Anterograde amnesia
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We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to
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Storage decay
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A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates
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Storage decay
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An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as
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Retrieval failure
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Proactive interference refers to the
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Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called
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Retroactive Interference
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Retroactive interference involves the disruption of
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Memory retrieval
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Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called
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Positive transfer
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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. The memory failure best illustrates
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Motivated forgetting
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Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ___________ rarely, if ever occurs
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Repression
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The inability to form new memories
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Anterograde amnesia
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Jimmy was a patient with anterograde amnesia triggered by brain damage 1945. Jimmy lost his ability to form new _______ memories but his ability for ________ remained intact.
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Explicit; Automatic processing
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Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is explained in terms of
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Encoding failure
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When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentarily inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) _______ failure.
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Retrieval
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Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that
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The most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned
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The occasional tip of the tongue forgetting experience by older adults can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with
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Retrieval
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Knowledge of Latin can help people learn French. This illustrates
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Positive transfer
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Every time we "replay" a memory, we replaced the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this
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Memory consolidation
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The misinformation effects refers to
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Incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Authors and songwriters sometimes think an idea came from their own creative imagination when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard. This best illustrates
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Source amnesia
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When we fall in love we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first started dating. This illustrates the dynamics of
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Memory construction
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The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
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Memory
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When an eyewitness is asked to describe what happened which measure of memory is being used?
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Recall
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Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
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The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
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An information processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as
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Connectionism
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Some information in our fleeting ___________ is encoding into short-term memory
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Sensory memory
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After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced before surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulties most clearly illustrates
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Anterograde amnesia
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Following brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.
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Implicit
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Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that _______ rarely if ever occurs.
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Repression
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Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars filmed a traffic accident when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. The experiment best illustrated
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Misinformation effect
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Which of the following techniques used by professional therapist is (are) likely to promote false memories in patients?
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All of the above (Hypnosis, Guided imagery, Dream analysis)
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The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of
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Behavioral consistency
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Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive
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Personality
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The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to
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Psychodynamic theories
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Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between
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Conscious and unconscious mental process
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Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by
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Sigmund Freud
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By professional training, Freud was a
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Physician
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Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from
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Psychological processes
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According to Freud, the unconscious is
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The thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories which we are largely unaware
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A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state out loud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
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Free association
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According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
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ID
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Gender identity refers to
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The sense of being a male or female
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Gene spends a good deal of his time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the _______ stage.
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Phallic
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Freud suggested that defense mechanisms are used by the
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Ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
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When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw her uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of
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Repression
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Freud believed that the manifest content of dreams consisted of
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Censored expression of our unconscious wishes ???
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Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to
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Regression
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Four year old Timmy had not wet his bed in over a year. However he started bed wetting again after his little sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates
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Regression
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Parents who disguise hostility toward children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
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Reaction formation
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The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanation replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
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Rationalization
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Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism
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Displacement
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Over generalized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
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Stereotypes
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Which of the following describes a stereotype
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Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful
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Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called
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Discrimination
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Prejudice is a(n) ______; discrimination is a(n) _______
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Attitude; Behavior
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Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often
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Unconscious
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Neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion processing center known as the
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Amygdala
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Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty; and they are ________ likely than men to be illiterate
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More;more
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Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way to justify
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Social inequalities
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The people who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrates
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The just-world phenomenon
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In group bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice
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Social identities
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The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)
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Outgroup
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Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
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Ingroup bias
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According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
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Frustration
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The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
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Other-race effect
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Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by
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hindsight bias
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According to the text, aggression always involves
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The intent to hurt
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Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?
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A child who tries to hit another child with a rock
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Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol
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Increased;increased
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The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
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An attempt to achieve some goal is blocked
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Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?
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"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
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Creating groups based on a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
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Ingroup bias
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Following the consumption of alcohol, people are increasingly likely to respond to minor frustrations with violent outburst. This best illustrates
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Interaction of biology and experience.
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The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it
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Influenced by social behavior
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People who have MAOA gene expression has been identified as those who are most likely to
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Engage in agression
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A passenger in a crowded subway train accidentally stepped on Arnold's foot. Research suggest that Arnold would be most likely to respond aggressively to this accident if he has.
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Higher-than-average level of testosterone
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