question

Time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development

answer

Puberty

question

puberty lasts __-__ years.

answer

3-5

question

It is said that adolescence begins with _______ and ends with __________.

answer

biology; culture

question

Erections can occur as early as _______, but _________ signals sperm production.

answer

infancy; ejaculation

question

the typical age for spermarche is ___, close to the age for menarche.

answer

13 years old

question

Puberty begins with:

answer

a marked increase in hormones

question

The pituitary responds to a signal from the __________ by:

answer

pituitary; producing many hormones

question

There are _____ adrenal glands, located above the ________, that produce hormones, including __________ and ____________.

answer

2; kidneys, epinephrine; norepinephrine

question

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the ____________ to the ________. Which, in turn, signals the ___________ or the _______ to produce more of their hormones

answer

hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal glands; gonads

question

A surge of hormones affects the _______, _______, and _______ before any visible sign of puberty appear.

answer

body, brain, and behavior

question

Gonads are paired sex glands that produce _______ and ________

answer

hormones and gametes

question

_________ is the sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen

answer

estradiol

question

Testosterone is the best known sex hormone of the _________.

answer

androgens

question

Since the hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate the hormones that affect the biorhythms, _________ is particularly likely among adolescents.

answer

sleep deprivation

question

Visible onset of puberty begins most likely around age __ or ___. The rise in hormone levels that signals puberty is considered normal in those as young as age __ or as old as age __.

answer

11 or 12; 8, 14

question

_____________, sexual development before age 8, occurs about once in 5,000 children, for unknown reasons.

answer

precocious puberty

question

About _______ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic. Genes on the ____ ____________ have a marked effect on age of puberty.

answer

two-thirds; sex chromosomes

question

Children who have a relatively large proportion of _________ experience puberty sooner than do their contemporaries

answer

body fat

question

Data on puberty over the centuries that reveals a ___________, bc each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one.

answer

secular trend

question

Why has secular trend has stopped in developed nations?

answer

childhood obesity and new chemicals

question

Most girls must weigh at least _____ pounds before experiencing first period. Do urban or rural children reach puberty sooner?

answer

100; urban children (more often overfed and under-exercised)

question

The hormone _________ increases during childhood and peaks at around age 12 and may affect onset of puberty

answer

leptin

question

Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between _______ and early puberty

answer

stress

question

Stress comes quickly with hormonal onset of puberty, especially if: (2)

answer

1) sick, addicted or divorced parents 2) violent, impoverished neighborhood

question

___________ girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image.

answer

early-maturing girls

question

______-maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing.

answer

early

question

Slow developing boys tend to be more ________, ________, and afraid of ______.

answer

depressed, anxious, afraid of sex

question

Which comes first? 1) Height or weight increase: 2) Torso or limbs: 3) Height spurt or muscle spurt: 4) wt/ht or muscles and organs:

answer

1) weight 2) limbs 3) height spurt 4) weight and height

question

Endurance improves because the lungs ______ in weight and the heart ______ in size

answer

triple; heart

question

Why is there less susceptibility to respiratory ailments upon puberty?

answer

Lymphoid system decreases in size

question

Many adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins or minerals such as ____, _______, ________, which are needed for muscle and bone growth.

answer

iron, zinc, calcium

question

High emotions can affect __________.

answer

impulse control

question

______ matter is reduced as ______ matter increases, in part because pruning during the teen years allows intellectual connections to build.

answer

gray; white

question

Neurological research finds that the reward parts of adolescents' brains are far stronger than ________ parts.

answer

inhibition

question

Slower maturing of the prefrontal cortex makes _________ compelling to adolescents. Teens seek excitement and pleasure, esp. the social pleasure of a peer's __________.

answer

powerful sensations; admiration

question

Boys' sexual desires are more influenced by _________ and girls by _________.

answer

hormones; culture

question

______ and _______ encourage sex at a young age. Early sex correlates with _________ and ________.

answer

taboo and early sex; depression and drug abuse

question

The rate of _______ increases at puberty, and most likely to occur in __________.

answer

sexual abuse; early adolscence

question

With sexual abuse, ________ are most likely to abuse. ______ are more often victims, which are often ________ and __________

answer

family members; girls; isolated, uninformed

question

For both boys and girls, early puberty correlates with:

answer

early sexual activity

question

About ____ of adult bone mass is acquired between the ages of 10 and 20.

answer

half

question

The last part of the adolescent body to be fully formed is the:

answer

torso

question

Why are teenage girls more susceptible to STIs that adult women?

answer

fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs.

question

What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection?

answer

chlamydia

question

Which complication is associated with teen pregnancy?

answer

spontaneous abortion

question

Precocious puberty refers to sexual development before age __.

answer

8

question

The first VISIBLE sign of puberty in boys is:

answer

growth of the testicles

question

Adolescents experience _____ in sleep-wake cycles, making many wide awake at midnight, but half asleep all morning.

answer

phase delay

question

During the growth spurt, first there is an increase in ______, then an increase in _______, and finally an increase in _______.

answer

weight, height, muscles

question

Egocentrism to abstract logic occurs between ages ___ and ___

answer

11 and 18

question

adolescent egocentrism leads to interpretation of everyone else's behavior as:

answer

a personal judgment

question

adolescent egocentrism was first described by

answer

David Elkind

question

Previous research suggests egocentrism fosters adolescent ______. Current perspectives propose egocentrism may be _______.

answer

risk-taking; protective

question

Adolescents who feel psychologically invincible tend to be ________.

answer

resilient

question

Fourth and final stage of cognitive development

answer

Formal operational thought

question

Formal operational thought can be seen in comparison between ________ and ________

answer

primary school and high school

question

_________ includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

answer

hypothetical thought

question

hypothetical thought transforms _________,

answer

perceptions

question

Involves reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics

answer

deductive reasoning

question

Involves reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion

answer

inductive reasoning

question

inductive reasoning may be ______ cognitively advanced than deduction

answer

less

question

1) bottom-up reasoning: 2) top-down reasoning:

answer

1) inductive 2) deductive

question

Children, as ________ ________ thinkers, are likely to draw conclusions on the basis of _______________ and _____________. This is called ________ reasoning. Adolescents can think _________.

answer

concrete operational; their own experiences and what they have been told; inductive reasoning; deductively

question

inductive reasoning results in a general ________, whereas deductive reasoning results in a general ________.

answer

conclusion; principle

question

2 logical fallacies in adolescence:

answer

1) sunk cost fallacy 2) base rate neglect

question

Egocentrism makes base rate neglect more ______ and more _______.

answer

likely; personal

question

What are the 2 modes of thinking

answer

intuition and analysis

question

Analytic thought depends on _______ and ________.

answer

logic and rationality

question

intuitive thought is influenced by _________ and _________.

answer

past experiences and cultural assumptions

question

adolescents tend to rely more on _________ thinking than do adults. As we age, we move toward more ________ __________.

answer

intuitive; analytic processing

question

Piaget's idea of concrete operational to formal operational is similar to:

answer

Kahneman's System 1 to System 2

question

Rational judgment is difficult when ________ _______ dominate. Experience in __________ and ________ facilitates more accurate use of analysis.

answer

egocentric emotions; decision-making and thinking

question

________ regions involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood. _______ regions involving sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty.

answer

cortical; subcortical

question

Today's teenagers are ________ who take technology for granted

answer

digital natives

question

The most notable digital divide is _____

answer

age

question

Before the technology explosion, egocentric thought decreased with _______, ________, and _________.

answer

education, conversation, and experience

question

3 things technology encourages:

answer

1) rapid shifts of attention 2) multitasking without reflection 3) visual learning instead of invisible analysis

question

research found that the average person played video games ____ hours a day. Some played much more, and only __% of the boys and ___% of the girls never played

answer

two; 3%; 21%

question

Almost _____ of all high school students use technology more than 3 hours a day; ______ used video games to escape from problems, and ______ had \"done poorly on a school assignment or test\" because of spending too much time on video games.

answer

1/3; 1/4; 1/5

question

One study found that ___ percent of the boys and ___ percent of the girls were addicted to playing video games.

answer

12%; 3%

question

Often, communication via the Internet bolsters fragile _______.

answer

self-esteem

question

________ provided by electronic technology often brings out the worst in people. _________ may contribute to dangerous, self-destructive behavior of victim.

answer

Anonymity; cyberbullying

question

_________ is particularly prevalent between ages 11-14

answer

cyberbullying

question

Reported incidents of sexting have been as high as ___%

answer

30%

question

secondary education refers to grades __-__ and usually occurs b/w ages ___ and ___.

answer

7 through 12; 12 and 18

question

High school graduation rates in almost every nation and ethnic group are _______. Ethnic variations still persist, with the rate among _________ lowest and among _________ highest.

answer

increasing; Native-Americans; Asian-Americans

question

Nations with high high school graduation rates also rank highest in:

answer

1) preschool attendance 2) middle school achievement 3) college graduation

question

In middle school, ________ _______ can be difficult and many students seek peer acceptance.

answer

public acclaim

question

3 ways of coping with middle school:

answer

1) Blaming others 2) Entity approach to intelligence 3) Incremental approach to intelligence

question

Although developmental psychologists find that adolescents learn best when they are __________________, many school systems report that teenagers are easier to control when they are taking tests or reciting scripture.

answer

actively engaged with ideas

question

The entity approach to intelligence rejects idea that:

answer

effort enhances achievement

question

____________ poses that intelligence can be directly increased by effort

answer

incremental approach to intelligence

question

The first year in any new school correlates with:

answer

1) increased bullying 2) decreased achievement 3) depression 4) eating disorders

question

In college, teachers assume students have mastered ______ ________, instead of teaching how to do it.

answer

formal thinking

question

In the US, pushing high school students may result in:

answer

college readiness or dropping out of high school

question

The gap between Asian/White and the three other racial groups with rising graduation rates is almost always the result of differences in __________.

answer

SES

question

___ percent of high school graduates enter college

answer

70%

question

PISA is taken by __-year olds in 50 nations and is designed to measure:

answer

15 years olds; problem solving and cognition in daily life

question

Overall, the U.S. students did _____ on the PISA than on the PIRLS or TIMSS.

answer

worse

question

At which of the following ages would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest? a. 8 b. 12 c. 16 d. 18

answer

B

question

The invincibility fable and the imaginary audience are both of examples of:

answer

the imaginary audience

question

In a study of adolescent thinking, Klaczynski concluded that:

answer

teenagers can use logic, but most did not.

question

Marrisa decided to drive her car to Las Vegas rather than fly after reading a story about a plane crash. This common fallacy is called:

answer

base rate fallacy

question

When it comes to religion, most adolescents:

answer

feel close to God

question

The \"low ebb\" of learning occurs in what education level?

answer

middle school

question

The findings of a study of middle school students in Los Angeles suggest that __________ makes students feel safer and less lonely.

answer

having someone to blame

question

High schools today often require most students to take __ years of math beyond algebra.

answer

2

question

What is the aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by the adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique?

answer

personal fable

question

Although concrete operational thinkers might succeed on the balance-a-scale test of formal reasoning, they are less likely to do so because of their reliance on:

answer

trial and error

question

Concluding that a four-legged furry animal that wags its tail when it is happy and that likes to fetch sticks is a dog would be an example of:

answer

inductive reasoning

question

According to a study by Smith and Denton (2005), what percentage of adolescents report that they are not religious?

answer

16%

question

The most prominent change in adolescent thought is the ability to:

answer

think of possibility

question

Which of the following is suggested in the text as a reason that adolescents fail to use their formal operational thinking?

answer

egocentrism is dominant

question

Erikson's fifth stage of development

answer

identity versus role confusion

question

What may speed up adolescent cognitive advancement, according to the text?

answer

social networking

question

Developmentalists consider _________________ to be \"developmentally regressive.\"

answer

middle schools

question

Consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations

answer

identity

question

Marcia described and measured four specific ways young people cope with adolescence:

answer

1) role confusion 2) foreclosure 3) moratorium 4) identity achievement

question

Most adolescents follow parental _______ traditions

answer

political

question

A political identity may emerge with:

answer

a weakening parental party identity

question

Most adolescents identify with their ________.

answer

ethnicity

question

4 Areas of Adolescent Identity Formation

answer

1) Religious 2) Political 3) Vocational 4) Sexual

question

There was a time when _________ correlated with lifetime success. This is no longer true.

answer

high school employment

question

Erikson's gender ________ no longer fits adolescent development - Now called gender identity that begins with the person's _______ and leads to a ______.

answer

intensification; gender identity; gender role

question

Some adolescents _________ by exaggerating male or female roles; others seek a _________ by avoiding all sexual contact

answer

foreclose; moratorium

question

A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.

answer

sexual orientation

question

Everyone knows that attitudes about same-sex relationships are changing. Less well-known is that _______ differences are greater than the historical shifts.

answer

cohort

question

Parent-adolescent conflict typically peaks in _______ and is more a sign of _______ than of _______.

answer

early adolescence; attachment; distance

question

_________ involves petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing

answer

bickering

question

In which cultures is adolescent contradiction are not apparent?

answer

cultures that value harmony above all else

question

Closeness within the family relies on 4 factors:

answer

1) Communication: Do parents and teens talk openly with one another? 2) Support: Do they rely on one another? 3) Connectedness: How emotionally close are they? 4) Control: Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?

question

_______ can be either repressive or healthy, depending on the culture and the specific circumstances.

answer

emotional dependence

question

Adolescents are more emotionally dependent on their parents if they are ______ and/or _______.

answer

female; from a minority group

question

Overall, parental reactions are crucial: Too much _______ and _______ might stop dialogue and not improve communication and behavior.

answer

criticism and control

question

Monitoring where parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support

answer

psychological parental monitoring

question

How do teenagers select friends?

answer

Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, abandoning friends who follow other paths

question

_______ can it easier to do both the wrong thing and the right thing.

answer

peer facilitation

question

peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

answer

deviancy training

question

_______ aids in navigating puberty, high school, and leaving childhood

answer

peer power

question

Technology usually brings friends together in adolescence

answer

social networking

question

Online resources may be helpful for struggling teens because

answer

they are often anonymous

question

First romances appear in ______ and rarely last more than _____. ________ and _________ are common.

answer

high school; a year breakups; unreciprocated crushes

question

______ claim a steady partner more often than _____ do.

answer

girls; boys

question

Currently in ________ and ________, not just two, but many gender roles and sexual orientations are evident.

answer

North America and Wester Europe

question

new DSM-5 diagnosis that describes the distress individuals may feel as a consequence of feeling that they are in \"the wrong body\"

answer

gender dysphoria

question

There is correlation between _________ and adolescent sexual initiation

answer

exposure to sex in the media

question

Many parents wait too long, avoid specifics, and are uninformed about adolescent's relationships. Instead, what is most effective?

answer

warm, open communication

question

Sexual content appears ___ times per hour during most teenage programs

answer

7

question

Adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by _____, especially when parents are _____, _______, or ______

answer

peers; silent, forbidding, or vague

question

Whether or not an adolescent is sexually active or not depends highly on:

answer

whether or not their peer groups are

question

Only about _____ of U.S. adolescent couples discuss issues such as pregnancy and STIs and many are unable to come to a shared conclusion based on accurate information.

answer

half

question

sex education- _________ programs were not successful.

answer

abstinence-only

question

Self-esteem for boys and girls dips at ________ and signs of ________ are common

answer

puberty; depression

question

In regards to preventing depression in adolescents, level of _____ and _____ support is influential. _______ is one way cultural context is influential.

answer

family and peer; familism

question

Clinical depression describes feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last:

answer

2 or more weeks

question

3 causes of clinical depression:

answer

1) Biological and psychological stress 2) genes 3) rumination with peers

question

Adolescence can be challenging for all teenagers, but the suicide rate among ________ teenagers is more than three times the rate for ________ adolescents overall.

answer

Native American; U.S.

question

The gene (5-HTTLPR) increased the rate of depression among _____ everywhere, but increased depression among _____ only if:

answer

girls; boys; they lived in low-SES communities

question

________ is common, completed suicide is not.

answer

parasuicide

question

Suicidal ideation refers to thinking about suicide, usually with some serious ________ and ________ or ________ overtones

answer

emotional and intellectual or cognitive

question

Although high rates in both sexes, depression and parasuicide are more common in ______.

answer

girls

question

3 suspected reasons for underestimate of depression and parasuicide in boys:

answer

1) tend to be less willing to divulge their emotions 2) boys consider it unmanly to try but fail to kill themselves 3) completed suicide is higher in males than in females.

question

In the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, more than _____ (__%) of U.S. high school girls and __% of boys felt so hopeless that they stopped doing some usual activities for two weeks or more in the previous year. Over _____ (__%) of girls and __% of boys seriously thought about suicide.

answer

girls: 1/3 (36%); boys: 22%; girls: 1/5 (19%); boys: 12.5%

question

Suicide rate among ____ teenagers in the U.S. is four times higher than the rate for _____ teenagers. This is bc of different methods used, pride of succeeding, and bc girls tend to _______ while boys _______.

answer

male; female; ruminate; withdraw

question

Suicidal methods- 1) males: 2) females:

answer

1) shoot themselves 2) swallow pills; hang themselves

question

______ and ______ behavior are more closely connected in adolescence than at any other age.

answer

externalizing and internalizing

question

About _____ of young lawbreakers are caught.

answer

1/4

question

Increased ______ during puberty is normal but most adolescents do so in acceptable ways.

answer

anger

question

person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal

answer

life-course-persistent offender

question

A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

answer

adolescent-limited offender

question

3 adolescent behaviors that can lead to more serious crime:

answer

1) stubbornness--> defiance 2) shoplifting--> arson and burglary 3) bullying--> rape, assault, murder

question

Drug use becomes widespread from age __ to __ and then decreases. The best predictor of later drug use is:

answer

10-25; drug use before age 18

question

Drug use varies by nation partly due to:

answer

differing laws the world over

question

_______ may have a greater effect on drug-taking behavior than laws do.

answer

adolescent culture

question

Most U.S. adolescents are not regular drug users and about __% never use any drugs. Rates vary by ______.

answer

20%; state

question

The Monitoring the Future study shows notable historical effects in the:

answer

teenage use and abuse of drugs

question

Adolescent ____ generally use more drugs and use them more often. Gender differences are reinforced by:

answer

boys; social constructions about proper male and female behavior

question

4 effects of tobacco use:

answer

1) slows growth 2) reduces appetite 3) causes protein and vitamin deficiencies 4) damage developing hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems

question

What is the most frequently abused drug among North American teenagers?

answer

alcohol

question

Heavy drinking may permanently impair _______ and _______ by damaging the _______ and the _________.

answer

memory and self-control; hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

question

Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to: (3)

answer

1) drop out of school 2) become teenage parents 3) be unemployed

question

Marijuana effects: (3)

answer

1) memory 2) language proficiency 3) motivation

question

_______ may increase drug use

answer

scare tactics

question

antismoking announcements are produced by _______ because they:

answer

cigarette companies; increase use

question

__________ is demonstrated in regards to knowledge about the harm drugs can do

answer

generational forgetting

question

Massive ad campaigns have worked in _______ and _______, where teen smoking was cut by almost __%.

answer

Florida and California; 50%

question

3 ways social context has cut down on smoking:

answer

1) higher prices 2) targeted warnings 3) better law enforcement

question

Drug use is _______ and first use is usually ______. The ______ a person is when beginning drug use, the more likely addiction will occur.

answer

progressive; social; younger

question

Occasional drug use excites the ______ and interferes with the _______. This is why drug users are more _______ and less ______.

answer

limbic system; prefrontal cortex emotional; reflective

question

The ultimate goal in resolving the crisis of identity achievement is to:

answer

reconsider the goals and values set by parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others.

question

Teens are less likely to abuse drugs, leave school, and take unnecessary risks when:

answer

they feel valued by their communities

question

Adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by: (3)

answer

1) sexual information received from peers 2) whether or not an adolescent is in an ongoing romantic relationship 3) early puberty and physical attractiveness

question

One reason why adolescent suicides have decreased since 1990 may be that:

answer

there is more effective use of antidepressants

question

prescription medicine, illegal drugs such as marijuana, and legal drugs such as cigarettes are all considered ________.

answer

psychoactive drugs

question

Few adolescents notice when their drug use moves from _____ to __________ to _____________.

answer

use to abuse to addiction

question

A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care about his or her identity is called _____

answer

role confusion

question

a group of close friends who are loyal to one another and who exclude outsiders

answer

a clique

question

Early neurological impairments increase the risk of a child's becoming a(n) _________, and a teen experiencing a negative psychosocial development is at greater risk of becoming a(n) ___________.

answer

life-course-persistent offender; adolescent limited offender

question

Which psychoactive drug used during adolescence inhibits growth and may result in the adolescent's becoming a shorter and heavier adult?

answer

tobacco

question

The only drug category used more by eighth-graders than by twelfth-graders is:

answer

inhalants

question

What support do peers provide during adolescence? (3)

answer

1) adjustment to the physical changes 2) the intellectual challenges of high school 3) social changes of leaving childhood

Psych final- Adolescence

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