Psych Final Answers – Flashcards
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The _______________ model proposes it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.
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Medical
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Which of these models of abnormal behavior became the dominant way of thinking during the 19th and 20th century? a. Physiological b. Bio-neurological c. Psychosocial d. Medical
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Medical
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d. Medical
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Thomas Szasz.
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__________ is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
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Prognosis
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Susan, a person suffering from mood swings, goes to see a psychologist. The psychologist tells Susan his first step will be to diagnosis her disorder; after that, he will provide her with a prognosis. Most likely, this psychologist subscribes to the _________ model of abnormal behavior.
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medical
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Michael gambles nearly every day, completely neglecting his family and his job. His behavior best satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality?
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maladaptive behavior
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Although Cari always feels high levels of dread, worry, and anxiety, she still manages to meet her daily responsibilities. Which of the following conclusions regarding Cari's behavior is appropriate? a. It should not be considered abnormal, because her adaptive functioning is not impaired. b. It should not be considered abnormal, because everyone experiences worry and anxiety on occasion. c. It can be considered abnormal, because she obviously feels great personal distress. d. It can be considered abnormal, because the behavior meets the three criteria of the medical model.
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c. It can be considered abnormal, because she obviously feels great personal distress.
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Kenny believes that his dog often tells him important messages from God about how to prepare his food. The dog's orders are not a problem for Kenny to carry out and Kenny does not seem to mind the extra trouble. Under which criteria could Kenny's behaviors be considered a disorder?
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Deviance
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The DSM classification system is said to be "multiaxial." This means that the system
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asks for judgments about individuals on a number of distinct dimensions.
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In the DSM-IV axes _____________ and ____________ are used to diagnose disorders.
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I; II
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The current classification system for psychological disorders (DSM-IV) a. avoids giving people potentially stigmatizing diagnostic labels. b. contains fewer disorders than previous systems, making it easier to use. c. recognizes the importance of information other than a traditional diagnostic label. d. provides specific criteria that allow therapists to classify individuals simply as normal or abnormal.
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c. recognizes the importance of information other than a traditional diagnostic label.
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According to the DSM-IV, mood disorders would be classified on the axis that includes
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clinical Syndromes
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The anxiety disorder brought on by specific stimuli is
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Phobic Disorder
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The genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders can be characterized as a. weak to moderate. b. moderate to strong. c. strong to very strong. d. non-existent.
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a. weak to moderate.
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Phobic responses tend to be acquired through ______ and maintained through ______.
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Classical conditioning; operant conditioning.
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People are more likely to develop phobic responses to snakes and spiders than to hot irons or electrical outlets. This finding is most consistent with which of the following concepts? a. Neuroticism b. Preparedness c. Classical conditioning d. Observational learning
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Preparedness
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Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders? a. High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. b. People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress. c. The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth. d. Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity, rather than the onset, of anxiety disorders. Psychosomatic diseases involve a. the deliberate faking of physical illness. b. a pseudo-illness caused by psychological factors. c. genuine physical ailments caused in part of psychological factors. d. a tendency to misinterpret minor body changes as indicative of serious illness.
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c. genuine physical ailments caused in part of psychological factors.
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Which of the following personality types is most closely associated with the tendency to develop somatoform disorders? a. Avoidant b. Histrionic c. Dependent d. Narcissistic
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b. Histrionic
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People who lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory and experience disruptions in their sense of identity, would most likely be considered as having which of the following types of disorders? a. Schizophrenia b. Anxiety disorders c. Dissociative disorders d. Somatoform disorders
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Dissociative disorders
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Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorders is accurate? a. Bipolar disorders are seen more frequently in women than in men. b. Bipolar disorders are much more common than unipolar depression. c. Research indicates that bipolar disorders affect about 20% of the population. d. The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is between the ages of 20 and 29.
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d. The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is between the ages of 20 and 29.
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Which of the following statements regarding neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors in the development of mood disorders is accurate? a. Correlations have been found between mood disorders and levels of several neurotransmitters in the brain. b. Most of the drugs that are effective in the treatment of mood disorders are known to affect the availability of specific neurotransmitters. c. Depression has been correlated with reduced hippocampal volume. d. All of these statements are accurate.
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d. All of these statements are accurate.
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Seligman's learned helplessness model a. is based primarily on human research. b. posits active giving up as a cause of depression. c. posits that pessimistic explanatory style is related to depression. d. is all of these.
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c. posits that pessimistic explanatory style is related to depression.
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Which of the following groups of psychological disorders is characterized by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturbed emotion, and hallucinations? a. Mood disorders b. Anxiety disorders c. Somatoform disorders d. Schizophrenic disorders
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d. Schizophrenic disorders
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About _________ percent of people with schizophrenia enjoy a full recovery. a. 5-10 b. 15-20 c. 25-30 d. more than 35
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b. 15-20
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Likelihood of recovery from schizophrenic disorders is increased for all of the following except a. onset of the disorder was sudden. b. later age of onset. c. the proportion of negative symptoms is high. d. the patient has a healthy family situation.
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c. the proportion of negative symptoms is high.
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Which of the following has been identified as a major factor in the etiology of schizophrenia? a. Excess dopamine activity b. Observational learning c. Exposure to high-anxious peers at an early age d. An extensive number of avoidance-avoidance conflicts
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a. Excess dopamine activity
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Research findings indicate that the ______ larger in schizophrenic patients than in normal control subjects. a. thalamus is b. ventricles are c. adrenal gland is d. frontal lobes are
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b. ventricles are
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The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by increases in schizophrenia incidence with all of the following except a. viral infections in 1957 Finland of women in their second trimester. b. prenatal malnutrition in a 1944 Netherlands famine. c. obstetrical complication studies with often visible slight anatomical defects. d. all of these support the hypothesis.
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d. all of these support the hypothesis.
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The prognosis is poorer for schizophrenics who return to families characterized by ______ expressed emotion. a. no b. low c. high d. erratic
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c. high
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A young woman who says to herself, "I must be thin to be accepted," is demonstrating which of the following factors in the etiology of eating disorders? a. Cultural b. Cognitive c. Biological d. Evolutionary
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b. Cognitive
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Which of the following is NOT among the major approaches to therapy discussed in your textbook? a. Insight therapies b. Behavior therapies c. Biomedical therapies d. Transpersonal therapies
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d. Transpersonal therapies
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The main goal of behavior therapy is to a. alter the client's brain chemistry by prescribing specific drugs. b. change the client's thought patterns so that negative emotions can be controlled. c. alter the frequency of problem behaviors using conditioning techniques. d. identify the early childhood unconscious conflicts that are the source of the client's symptoms.
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c. alter the frequency of problem behaviors using conditioning techniques.
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Which of the following concepts is least closely associated with psychoanalytic treatment? a. Dream analysis b. Free association c. Negative thinking d. Unconscious conflict
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c. Negative thinking
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Which of the following terms refers to a psychoanalytic technique involving spontaneous expression of thoughts with as little censorship as possible? a. Resistance b. Transference c. Interpretation d. Free association
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d. Free association
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In psychoanalysis, free association is used to a. overcome resistance. b. explore the unconscious. c. modify maladaptive habits. d. clarify clients' feelings about their self-concept.
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b. explore the unconscious.
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In ______, clients relate to their therapist in ways that mimic key relationships in their lives. a. congruence b. transference c. interpretation d. free association
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b. transference
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Paul's father was always very competitive with Paul. Lately, in therapy, Paul has been trying to prove that he makes more money and is smarter than the therapist. Paul is showing a. resistance. b. transference. c. over-interpretation. d. free association linkage.
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b. transference.
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Psychoanalysis, Freudian style, usually takes a. less than 6 months. b. 6 months to 1 year. c. 1 to 3 years. d. 3 to 5 years.
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d. 3 to 5 years.
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Client-centered therapy was developed by
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Carl Rogers.
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According to the client-centered approach to therapy, personal distress and neurotic anxieties are usually caused by a. conflicts centering on sex. b. conflicts centering on psychosocial issues. c. incongruence between self-concept and reality. d. maladaptive habits that have been previously reinforced.
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c. incongruence between self-concept and reality.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions Rogers felt was necessary for a positive therapeutic climate? a. Empathy b. Genuineness c. Conditional free association d. Unconditional positive regard
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c. Conditional free association
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In client-centered therapy, the therapist must demonstrate a complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person. This approach is most consistent with which of the following conditions of therapy? a. Empathy b. Genuineness c. Conditional free association d. Unconditional positive regard
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Unconditional positive regard
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The view that therapy has historically focused too much on pathology and suffering instead of health and resilience represents a. psychoanalytic psychology. b. client-centered psychology. c. positive psychology. d. behavioristic psychology.
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c. positive psychology.
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Carl's therapist is helping him recognize his strengths and forgive others who have wronged him. His therapist is most likely practicing a. client-centered therapy. b. positive psychology. c. psychoanalysis. d. none of these.
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b. positive psychology.
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Which of the following is generally NOT considered an advantage of group therapy? a. Clients come to realize that their unhappiness is not necessarily unique. b. Group therapy is less expensive for clients. c. All types of problems are well suited to it. d. Clients can practice their social skills in a safe environment.
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c. All types of problems are well suited to it.
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Research indicates that insight therapy is a. superior to biomedical therapy. b. superior compared to undergoing no treatment. c. only temporarily effective. d. requires years for any noticeable change.
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b. superior compared to undergoing no treatment.
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Insight therapy provides a. positive effects for a minority of clients. b. a unified approach to psychotherapeutic mechanisms of action. c. diverse approaches with common factors. d. little evidence of any effective treatment.
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c. diverse approaches with common factors.
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All but which of the following is a most widely cited common factor at the core of various therapies? a. An alliance with a professional helper b. Emotional support and empathy from the therapist c. Plausible methods for alleviating problems d. Adjusting to old patterns of behavior
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d. Adjusting to old patterns of behavior
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Common factors in therapy most likely a. are responsible for nearly all of progress made in therapy. b. combine with specific procedures to benefit the client. c. play a significant role in insight therapy. d. do none of these.
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c. play a significant role in insight therapy.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of psychologists on the issue of recovered memories? a. Most psychologists accept recovered memories at face value. b. Psychologists tend to be sharply divided on the issue of repressed memories. c. Most psychologists blame psychiatrists for "creating" the controversy in the first place. d. There is very little controversy on the subject.
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b. Psychologists tend to be sharply divided on the issue of repressed memories.
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Behavior therapy emerged from research fostered by which of the following individuals? a. B.F. Skinner b. Hans Eysenck c. Joseph Wolpe d. All of these
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d. All of these
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Systematic desensitization was devised by
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Joseph Wolpe.
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______ is a behavior therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning.
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d. Systematic desensitization
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The first step in the process of systematic desensitization is to a. train the client in muscle relaxation. b. help the client build an anxiety hierarchy. c. have the client work though the hierarchy and try to remain relaxed. d. expose the client to mild anxiety-arousing stimuli.
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b. help the client build an anxiety hierarchy.
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The second step in the process of systematic desensitization is to a. train the client in muscle relaxation. b. help the client build an anxiety hierarchy. c. have the client works though the hierarchy and try to remain relaxed. d. expose the client to mild anxiety-arousing stimuli.
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a. train the client in muscle relaxation.
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The third step in the process of systematic desensitization is to a. train the client in muscle relaxation. b. help the client build an anxiety hierarchy. c. have the client works though the hierarchy and try to remain relaxed. d. expose the client to mild anxiety-arousing stimuli.
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c. have the client works though the hierarchy and try to remain relaxed.
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Evidence on systematic desensitization generally indicates that it is an effective procedure for eliminating
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b. specific anxieties.
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Aversion therapy is most closely associated with which of the following processes? a. Self-actualization b. Operant conditioning c. Classical conditioning d. Observational learning
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c. Classical conditioning
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Which of the following has been treated successfully with aversion therapy? a. Schizophrenia b. Alcohol dependence c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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b. Alcohol dependence
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Studies suggest that about ______ of psychotic patients respond favorably to antipsychotic medication. a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70%
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d. 70%
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______ is an incurable side effect marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements sometimes caused by antipsychotics.
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Tardive dyskinesia
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Some experts have predicted that a new class of antipsychotic drugs, called ______, will almost completely replace conventional antipsychotic medications in the near future with fewer serious side effects.
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atypical antipsychotics
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Prozac, which is commonly used to treat depression, belongs to a class of antidepressants called
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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Lithium is most frequently used in the treatment of individuals with which of the following disorders? a. Schizophrenia b. Bipolar disorder c. Bulimia nervosa d. Multiple-personality disorder
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b. Bipolar disorder
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One of the disadvantages of the use of lithium to treat mood swings is that a. it doesn't work for older patients. b. it causes mania. c. it can be toxic. d. it is not as effective as antipsychotics for this purpose.
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c. it can be toxic.
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Research on negative effects of drugs a. is conducted exhaustively before FDA approval. b. is rarely funded by drug companies. c. is influenced by drug companies. d. is conducted to determine long-range effects.
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c. is influenced by drug companies.
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Which of the following statements regarding the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is accurate? a. ECT is a rare form of therapy. b. ECT is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia. c. ECT involves the use of electrical shock to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions. d. All of these statements are accurate.
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c. ECT involves the use of electrical shock to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions.
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The therapeutic efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy
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is a matter of debate.
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______ is a therapeutic approach that involves borrowing ideas, insights, and techniques from a variety of sources while tailoring the intervention strategy to the unique needs of the client.
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Eclecticism
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In looking for therapeutic services, it is important to keep in mind
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that community mental health centers are good sources of information.
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Which of the following statements regarding the role of a therapist's profession is accurate? a. Only a clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs for disorders that merit drug therapy. b. There is no reliable association between a therapist's professional background and therapeutic efficacy. c. Psychologists are generally considered more effective therapists than either counselors or social workers. d. Health insurance policies that cover psychotherapy generally specify that treatment must be provided by a psychiatrist.
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b. There is no reliable association between a therapist's professional background and therapeutic efficacy.
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The cost of psychotherapy is a. prohibitively expensive. b. higher than other professionals such as dentists. c. rarely partially covered by insurance. d. none of these.
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d. none of these.
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Martin Seligman has suggested that specific phobias are most amenable to treatment with
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systematic desensitization.
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Variations in the effectiveness of psychotherapy appear to depend on individual therapists' ______ rather than on their theoretical orientation.
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personal skills
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The founding of positive psychology has been attributed to a. a five-year-old who pointed out that if she could stop whining, her father could stop being a grouch. b. a past president of the American Psychological Association. c. an epiphany about how we raise children by nurturing their strengths. d. all of these.
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d. all of these.
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The term ____ refers to a timely intellectual state of mind that many people contribute to and share.
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zeitgeist
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Positive psychology has been said to be a change in the _____ for the discipline of psychology.
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zeitgeist
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People studying the themes of positive psychology include a. Rogers. b. Maslow. c. ancient philosophers. d. all of these.
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d. all of these.
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According to your text, positive psychology pursues _____ lines of inquiry.
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three
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All of the following are lines of inquiry in positive psychology except a. positive subjective experiences. b. positive individual traits. c. positive institutions. d. positive objective experiences.
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d. positive objective experiences.
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Positive subjective experiences tend to be
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focused in the present.
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Emotions are
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stronger subjective experiences than a mood.
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Isen and colleagues found that people who saw a funny film before solving a problem creatively were ______ than those seeing a neutral film. a. slower at solving the problem b. faster at solving the problem c. more likely to solve the problem correctly d. solved the problem faster, but incorrectly
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c. more likely to solve the problem correctly
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Feelings are also called
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affect.
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_____ are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes.
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Emotions
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Carol heard a sound in the dark bushes behind her psychology building as she went to her car one evening. She began to feel fear. She was experiencing
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a negative emotion.
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Behavioral reactions with survival value are also called emotionally linked
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specific-action tendencies.
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Positive emotions can broaden people's cognitive responses by promoting beneficial
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thought-action tendencies.
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Positive emotions broaden people's cognitive responses by promoting new and beneficial _____ in which established ways of positive thinking are associated with particular acts or behaviors. a. thought-action tendencies b. emotion-eliciting tendencies c. specific-action tendencies d. neutral emotional state tendencies
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a. thought-action tendencies
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Fredrickson, Joiner, and Levenson have supported the ____ which posits that positive emotions aid the mind and the body by recovering a sense of balance and flexibility following an episode experience of _____ emotion.
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undoing hypothesis; negative
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Flow is the state of being in which a person
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becomes fully involved and engaged in the present time by some interesting, challenging, and intrinsically rewarding activity.
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According to one model of flow, when the challenge of an activity is low and the skill required is low, the person is most likely to feel
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apathy.
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According to the revised model of the flow state, _____ exists when challenge is moderate and skill is high.
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control
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to the revised model of the flow state, _____ exists when challenge is high and skill is low.
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anxiety
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According to Langer, to become more mindful, people need to do all of the following except a. resist the impulse to reduce or control uncertainty in daily life. b. ignore novel features in their situations and environment. c. become less prone to evaluate themselves and others. d. try to override their propensity to perform automatic behavior.
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b. ignore novel features in their situations and environment.
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In positive psychology, the term _____ refers to the power to focus on, value, and even boost the enjoyment of almost any experience.
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savoring
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The intensity of savoring is affected by all of the following except
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social disconnection.
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Pat is very organized and high in self-control. Pat is someone who works to achieve particular ends. Pat is said to possess
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positive traits.
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____ is a positive individual trait that refers to people's expectations that their goals can be achieved in the future.
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Hope
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According to Snyder, goal-directed expectations have two components of
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agency and pathways.
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_____ involve(s) a person's judgment that his or her goals can be achieved and _____ refer(s) to beliefs that successful plans can be crafted to reach the goal.
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Agency; pathways
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Some of the aspects of posttraumatic growth include a. perceptual change. b. changing friends. c. focusing on personal weaknesses. d. all of these.
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a. perceptual change.
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The aspect of posttraumatic growth that involves greater willingness to take life easier is called
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life priority change.
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A best part of gratitude is that a. it is easy to express. b. it is a virtue. c. it can be performed almost anytime or anywhere. d. it is all of these
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d. it is all of these.
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In order to stop trying to control life, when it is full of inevitable change, Buddhism advocates
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awareness and detachment.
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_____ dedicated to studying beneficial human strengths and competencies and how they can be advanced, evaluated, and managed as a means to improve worker performance in businesses and organizations.
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Positive organizational behavior is
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According to research by Wrzesniewski, people view their chosen occupations in the following ways:
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just a job, a career, a calling.
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Phyllis believes her work with the guild is meeting the needs of the workers in her community and serves a social purpose. She most likely sees her job as
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a calling
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School satisfaction is composed of
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both cognition and affect.
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Family-centered positive psychology (FCPP) presumes that _____ are better at determining family needs than _____.
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families themselves; professionals
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Because of the changes in structures of families in the past 30 or 40 years, with increased divorce rates and expanded career opportunities for women, for example,
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families, like institutions, should focus on existing and developing strengths.
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According to Peterson, the virtuous qualities that can be found in positive institutions include
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purpose, humanity, and dignity.
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Alex works for an institution that protects members from dangers and exploitation. According to Peterson, his company practices the virtue of
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safety.
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Positive psychologists' research has found all of the following except
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being in the right place at the right time accounts for most of someone's happiness because it influences both personality factors and choices people make.
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Some of the criticisms of positive psychology include all of the following except a. while it may be a reorganizing of how we think about positive feelings and behaviors, it is not necessarily a paradigm shift. b. it is destined to be a fad. c. parsing psychology into positive and negative spheres is an oversimplification. d. there is no way to research the field.
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d. there is no way to research the field.
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Lazarus criticized positive psychology as
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both an oversimplification and creating theoretical and practical problems in psychological research.
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According to Peterson and Seligman, the answer to whether positive psychology is more of a fad than a genuinely new area of empirical inquiry
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time to see if it has staying power and ongoing influence in the wider discipline of psychology.
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Peterson offers that the success of positive psychology will be determined a. if a balance of positive and negative aspects of psychology lessen the need for the label of positive psychology. b. if research can address why people do not always seek out what makes them truly happy. c. if research identifies which activities enable people to lead a good life and apply those findings. d. all of these.
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d. all of these.
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Linley and colleagues suggest that positive psychology will have a bright future if the subfield
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integrate cultural, social, and neuroscience into analyzing positive phenomena.
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Enhancing your own well-being and happiness is
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relatively simple.
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Peterson's guidelines for keeping a list of good things includes
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write down the reasons that your choices for the list are good things for you and your life.
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Charles has decided to keep track of his blessings, or good things that happen during the week. According to Peterson, for the best results, he should a. limit the number to about three a day. b. write the list toward the end of the day. c. jot down reasons that these constitute good things in his life. d. all of these.
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d. all of these.
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Capitalization in positive psychology refers to
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telling other people about whatever good things are happening in your life.
