psych development – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of?
answer
continuity or stages
question
The conflicting results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging and intelligence are of greatest relevance to the issue of
answer
stability or change
question
The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of
answer
stability or change
question
The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called
answer
developmental psychology
question
Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________________ changes throughout the human life cycle
answer
social
question
Human sperm cells ____________ than egg cells
answer
are smaller
question
The heart begins to beat during the ____________ period of prenatal development
answer
embryonic
question
If research suggests that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a
answer
teratogen
question
When pregnant rats drink alcohol, their young offspring later display a
answer
liking for the odor of alcohol
question
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include
answer
brain abnormalities
question
To test whether newborns can visually discriminate between various shapes and colors, psychologists have made use of the process of
answer
habituation
question
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. this ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to
answer
maturation
question
According to Piaget, schemas are
answer
people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
question
Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties." Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of
answer
assimilation
question
Adjusting current schemas to make sense of new information is called
answer
accommodation
question
Three year old Bert, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely, has learned the schema for moose. When his family visits his cousin Michael on a horse farm, Bert modifies his schema for large, shaggy animals to include horses. This process is called
answer
accommodation
question
If children cannot grasp principle conservation, they are unable to
answer
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
question
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called
answer
conservatism
question
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
answer
the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
question
Children, even more than teens and adults, are likely to assume that something will be clear to others if it is clear to them. This curse of knowledge illustrates
answer
egocentrism
question
Five year olds who were surprised to discover that a band-aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
answer
theory of mind
question
Children's ability to infer other people's intentions and feelings is indicative of their emerging
answer
theory of mind
question
The ability of preschool children to empathize with classmates who are feeling sad illustrates that pre-operational children have developed
answer
a theory of mind
question
Current research on cognitive development indicates that
answer
mental skills develop earlier than Piaget believed
question
In an experiment, children see a doll named Sally leave her ball in a red cupboard and go away. They then observe another doll, Anne, move the ball to a different location. In asking children where Sally will look for the ball upon her return, the investigators are testing the children's
answer
theory of mind
question
Infants develop a fear of strangers at about 8 months of age because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their
answer
schemas
question
An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with
answer
autism spectrum disorder
question
The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called
answer
attachment
question
Studies of moneys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
answer
body contact
question
Eighteen month old Justin follows his mother around the house, clinging tightly to her when he is frightened. This best illustrates
answer
attachment behavior
question
Mr. Johnson spends time each day holding and rocking his infant daughter. This time together should serve most directly to promote
answer
secure attachment
question
A critical period is a phase during which
answer
certain events have a particularly strong impact on development
question
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
answer
A 1-day-old duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball
question
Which of the following factors is important for the development of attachment bonds between human infants and their mothers?
answer
familiarity
question
Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?
answer
responsive parenting
question
One year old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates
answer
secure attachment
question
A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage
answer
insecure attachment
question
A mother who consistently responds supportively to her infant's cries for care and protection is most likely to encourage
answer
secure attachment
question
Babies who are unable to predict how their parents will react to their cries for care and attention are especially likely to signs of
answer
insecure attachment
question
Securely attached people exhibit less
answer
fear of failure
question
Lynnae is usually timid and fearful, whereas her sister Eileen is typically relaxed and cheerful. The two sisters are most strikingly different in
answer
temperament
question
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
answer
Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
question
Those who inappropriately attribute children's troubling personality traits to inadequate parental nurture should be reminded of the importance of
answer
genetic predispositions
question
When golden hamsters were repeatedly threatened and attacked while young, they suffered long-term changes in
answer
brain chemistry
question
Severe and prolonged child sexual abuse places children at risk for
answer
substance abuse
question
Dmitri is a typical 6 month old. When he looks into a mirror he is likely to
answer
reach toward the image as if it were another child
question
Mrs. Carmichael secretly dabs some lipstick on the nose of her 2 year old son and then allows him to see his face in a mirror. The child is most likely
answer
touch his own nose
question
Combined data from 88 studies indicate that there are no differences in the self-esteem scores of children who are
answer
adoptees rather than nonadoptees
question
The McDouglas use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDouglas as _____________ parents.
answer
authoritarian
question
The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. They give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join in the discussion when new rules are being made. Psychologists would characterize the Albertsons as _________________ parents.
answer
authoritative
