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Structuralism

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Edward Titchener is associated with which early approach or "school" of psychology?

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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Conducted research on personality, dreams, and memory, and was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association

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Biological ; Developmental

answer

Professor Diaz is studying the development of the human brain from infancy to early adulthood. She takes the _____ perspective and her specialty area is _____ psychology.

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great importance is placed on following established tradition and customs.

answer

A collectivistic culture is one in which

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Empirical Evidence

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Evidence that is the result of observation, measurement, and experimentation is referred to as _____ evidence.

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the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance

answer

Professor Wallace studied over 3,000 elderly individuals for a decade and found a statistically significant relationship between survival rate and number of close friends. Specifically, he found that elderly individuals with few close friends had a much higher death rate. To say that the results of his study are "statistically significant" means that:

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Naturalistic Observation

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Dr. Ginsburg wants to study possible gender differences in the willingness of young children to engage in risky behaviors. To gather data, Ginsburg and a co-researcher carefully observe the willingness of boys and girls to try risky behaviors at a local zoo, such as petting a burro or feeding different animals. Dr. Ginsburg is using _____ to gather data

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Because the survey involved respondents who volunteered to participate, it is not a representative sample.

answer

In an online survey, people were asked if they would cheat on their partner if there was no chance of getting caught. Approximately 23,000 internet users responded to the survey. Almost half of those responding said they would not, while the other half said they probably would. What is a significant limitation with surveys like this one?

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as number of friends decreases, level of shyness increases

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Professor Karney administered a psychological test measuring shyness to a large number of undergraduate students. The students also completed a lengthy questionnaire on their social life and activities, including number of friends. Professor Karney conducted a statistical analysis of the responses and found a correlation coefficient of -.80 between level of shyness and number of friends. This indicates that

question

help identify the factors that play an important role in the behavior that is being investigated and rule out the factors that do not

answer

Correlational research is useful because it can:

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the change in math test scores

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A cognitive psychologist decides to study the effects of chess practice on math abilities in middle school students. All students are tested on a standard math test at the beginning of the study. Students are then randomly assigned to a chess-group and a control group. Students in the chess group spend thirty minutes every school day learning chess strategy and playing chess. Students in the no-chess control group spend thirty minutes every school day watching educational television. At the end of three months, students take another standardized math test. The improvement or decline in their test score is computed and compared across the two groups. In this experiment, what is the DEPENDENT variable?

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experimental group

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In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, the group of participants who were informed that housekeeping work was good exercise was the:

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placebo control group

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Ginkgo biloba is an herb that is thought to increase blood flow in the brain and enhance memory processes. In a carefully controlled study investigating this claim, young adults were assigned to one of three groups. Those in group 1 took a capsule containing 120 milligrams of ginkgo biloba once a day. Those in group 2 took a capsule that looked identical but was a fake. Those in group 3 did not take any capsules. The participants assigned to group 2 constituted the _____ in this study.

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students must be given the choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement or earn extra credit

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When college students are enrolled in a class in which participation in psychological research is part of the course requirement:

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Which is NOT one of the brain-imaging techniques discussed in the Focus on Neuroscience section in the text?

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Francis C. Sumner

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The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was:

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Behavioral

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The _____ perspective emphasizes studying how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes.

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humanistic psychology; Abraham Maslow

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As one of the advocates of _____, _____developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth.

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Charles Darwin

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Who wrote On the Origin of Species?

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Ethnocentrism

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The term _____ refers to the tendency to use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures

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"Increased levels of the male hormone, testosterone, cause increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats

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Which title would most likely be found in a research journal for biological psychology?

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random selection of participants.

answer

Professor Newberg decided to study living preferences of senior adults, so he visited a local retirement village and invited residents to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Newberg's survey results are probably invalid because he did not use

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Corelation Research

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can reveal the degree to which two factors are related or co-vary in a systematic way.

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there is a positive correlation between delinquent behavior and playing violent video games.

answer

Several correlational studies point to the basic conclusion that the more time students spend playing violent video games, the greater the tendency to engage in delinquent behavior. Based on this result, you would be justified in stating that:

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change in the symptoms of anxiety

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Researchers at the United Family Therapy Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of anxiety are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the dependent variable in this study?

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Random Assignment

answer

Which of the following terms refers to a procedure that assures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions?

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use of the scientific method and replication of their findings by other scientists

answer

According to Science Versus Pseudoscience, which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used by proponents of pseudoscience to give credibility to their claims?

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the test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group and for the participants in the placebo control group.

answer

In a study described in Chapter 1, psychologist Paul Solomon and his colleagues investigated the effects of the herb gingko biloba on memory, concentration, and other mental tasks. All participants in the study took a battery of tests at the beginning and end of the six-week study. The results showed that:

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The use of dogs and cats in psychological research

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was outlawed in the United States in 1953 when the first chapter of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals opened in Vermont

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

answer

Psychology

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Mary Whiton Calkins

answer

American Psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality and dreams; established one of the first U.S. Psychology research labs; First woman president of the APA

question

Charles Darwin

answer

English Naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in "On the origin of the species"

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Sigmund Freud

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Australian Physician and founder of psychoanalysis

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G. Stanley Hall

answer

American Psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the US; Founded the APA

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William James

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American Philosopher and Psychologist who founded psychology in the US and established the psychological school called functionalism

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Abraham Maslow

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American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation

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Ivan Pavlov

answer

Russian Physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning

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Carl Rogers

answer

American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology

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B.F Skinner

answer

American psychologist and leading proponent on behaviorism; developed a model of learning called operant conditioning; emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable behavior

question

Francis C Summer

answer

American psychologist who was the first African American to receive a doctorated in Psychology in the united states; chaired Howard University Psychology Department

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Edward B Titchener

answer

British Born American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology in the United States; Published research on mental processes in animals

question

John B Watson

answer

American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes

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Wilhelm Wundt

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German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory 1879

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Psychology

answer

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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Structuralism

answer

Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences

question

Functionalism

answer

Early School of Psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

A type of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Fried in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts

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Behaviorism

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School of psychology and the oretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to process of learning

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Humanistic Psychology

answer

The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development

question

Neuroscience

answer

The study of the nervous system, especially the brain

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Positive Psychology

answer

The study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities

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Culture

answer

The attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another

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Cross-Cultural Psychology

answer

Branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others and the related tendency to use ones own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures

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Individualistic Cultures

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Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group

question

Collectivistic Cultures

answer

Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

question

Psychiatry

answer

Medical Specialty area focused on the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of mental and behavioral disorders

question

Scientific Method

answer

A set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures the guide researchers in in creating questions to investigate, ingenerating evidence and in drawing conclusions

question

Empirical Evidence

answer

Verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and / or ezperimentation

question

Hypothesis

answer

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables; a testable prediction or question

question

Critical Thinking

answer

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

question

Variable

answer

A factor that can vary, or change, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified

question

Statistics

answer

A branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize and interpret data

question

Statistically Significant

answer

A mathematical indication that research results are not likely to have occurred by chance

question

Meta-Analysis

answer

provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion

question

Replicate

answer

To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings

question

Theory

answer

A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and onservations

question

Descriptive Research Methods

answer

Scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to to describe the relationship among behaviors and events

question

Naturalistic Observation

answer

The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting

question

Pseudoscience

answer

Fake or False science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence

question

Case Study

answer

An intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals

question

Survey

answer

A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the options, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group

question

Sample

answer

A selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studies

question

Representative Sample

answer

A selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studies on relevant characteristics

question

Random Selection

answer

Process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every member has an equal chance of being included in the study

question

Correlational Study

answer

A research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to eachother

question

Correlation Coefficient

answer

A numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationships (the correlation) between two variables

question

Positive Correlation

answer

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

question

Negative Correlation

answer

the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

question

Experimental Method

answer

a technique used to demonstrate cause and effect by purposely manipulating circumstances and measuring the final effect

question

Independent Variable

answer

(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables

question

Dependent Variable

answer

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

question

Extraneous Variable

answer

Any aspect of the experimental setting (e.g., lighting, temperature) that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

question

Experimental Group (Experimental Condition)

answer

In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment of interest.

question

Placebo

answer

something presented as a drug, but having no actual effect

question

Placebo Effect

answer

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

question

Random Assignment

answer

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

question

Double-Blind Technique

answer

An experimental control in which neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with the participants are aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned.

question

Demand Characteristics

answer

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should

question

Practice Effect

answer

Any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task.

question

Main Effect

answer

The effect of one variable on another without any other variables or subgroups involvement.

question

Control Group (Control Condition)

answer

In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of interest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared.

question

Natural Experiment

answer

An experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.

question

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

answer

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

question

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

answer

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

question

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

answer

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function

question

Comparative Psychology

answer

branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species

question

The Biological Perspective

answer

emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics

question

The Psychodynamic Perspective

answer

emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems

question

The Behavioral Perspective

answer

Contempory psychologists who take this behavioral perspective continue to study how behavior is aquired or modified by environmental causes. Many psychologists also emphasize the this perspective in explaining and treating psychological disorders

question

The Humanistic Perspective

answer

Focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, and humanistic theorists focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential.

question

The Positive Psychology Perspective

answer

Field of psychological research and theory focusing on the study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits and the social institutions that foster those qualities in individuals and communities.

question

The Cognitive Perspective

answer

emphasizes the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

question

The Cross-Cultural Perspective

answer

In the late 1980s, it had emerged in full force as large numbers of psychologists began studying the diversity of human behavior in difference cultural settings and countries. Examples: -people exert more effort on a task when working alone than when working as part of a group, also called "social loafing"

question

The Evolutionary Perspective

answer

This is focused on the study of how evolution explains physiological processes.

question

Biological Psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

question

Clinical Psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

question

Cognitive Psychology

answer

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin

question

Counseling Psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

question

Educational Psychology

answer

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

question

Experimental Psychology

answer

the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues

question

Developmental Psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

question

Forensic Psychology

answer

application of psychological principles and methods in a legal environment, especially in court actions

question

Health Psychology

answer

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

question

Industrial Psychology

answer

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

question

Personality Psychology

answer

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

question

Rehabilitation Psychology

answer

Applies psychological knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions, such as accident or stroke victims, adapt to their situation and attain optimal psychological, interpersonal, and physical functioning.

question

Social Psychology

answer

the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

question

Sports Psychology

answer

the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

question

William James

answer

Who is associated with Functionalism

question

Carl Rogers

answer

Who is associated with Humanistic Psychology

question

Edward Titchener

answer

Who is associated with Structuralism

question

John Watson

answer

Who is associated with Behaviorism

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