question

personality

answer

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

question

psychoanalytic theory (Freud's)

answer

proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality presumes that we often repress offending wishes, banishing them into the unconscious until they resurface

question

trait theorists

answer

examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits)

question

social-cognitive theories

answer

explore the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

question

psychodynamic theories

answer

view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts

question

psychoanalysis (Freud)

answer

his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques -Freud was the first to focus clinical attention on our unconscious mind

question

unconscious

answer

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories -according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

question

free association

answer

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

question

ego

answer

mostly conscious; makes peace between the id and the superego

question

superego

answer

internalized ideals half preconscious (outside awareness but accessible), half conscious

question

id

answer

unconscious energy unconscious mind

question

What was Freud's view of personality?

answer

In Freud's view, human personality -- including its emotions and strivings -- arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint -- between our aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological urges and our internalized social controls over these urges

question

id definition

answer

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives -operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

question

ego definition

answer

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

question

superego definition

answer

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

question

psychosexual stages

answer

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

question

Oral

answer

0-18 months pleasure centers on the mouth -- sucking, biting, chewing

question

Anal

answer

18-36 months pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

question

Phallic

answer

3-6 years pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings --boys seek genital stimulation. They also develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. Given these feelings, he thought, boys also experience guilt and a lurking fear of punishment, perhaps by castration, from their father

question

Latency

answer

(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings

question

Genital

answer

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

question

Oedipus complex

answer

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

question

identification

answer

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

question

fixate

answer

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

question

defense mechanisms

answer

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

question

repression

answer

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories -banishes anxiety-arousing wishes and feelings from consciousness

question

manifest content

answer

the remembered content of dreams

question

latent content

answer

a censored expression of the dreamer's unconscious wishes

question

Freud believed that repression enables the other defense mechanisms (6):

answer

regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial

question

regression

answer

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

question

reaction formation

answer

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

question

projection

answer

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

question

rationalization

answer

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

question

displacement

answer

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

question

denial

answer

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

question

According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ______________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ______________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

answer

ego; id; superego

question

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ______________ at that stage.

answer

fixation

question

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ______________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ______________.

answer

unconsciously; anxiety

question

neo-Freudans

answer

pioneering psychoanalysts broke off from Freud 1. they placed more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment 2. they doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations instead, they tended to emphasize loftier motives and social interactions

question

collective unconscious

answer

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

question

projective tests

answer

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

question

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

answer

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

question

Rorschach inkblot test

answer

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

question

false consensus effect

answer

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

question

terror-management theory

answer

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

question

What are three big ideas that have survived from Freud's work in psychoanalytic theory? What are three ways in which Freud's work has been criticized?

answer

Freud first drew attention to (1) the importance of childhood experiences, (2) the existence of the unconscious mind, and (3) our self-protective defense mechanisms. Freud's work has been criticized as (1) not scientifically testable and offering after-the-fact explanations, (2) focusing too much on sexual conflicts in childhood, and (3) based on the idea of repression, which has not been supported by modern research.

question

Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis have modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retained, and which elements have they mostly left behind?

answer

Today's psychodynamic theorists and therapists still rely on the interviewing techniques that Freud used, and they still tend to focus on childhood experiences and attachments, unresolved conflicts, and unconscious influences. However, they are not likely to dwell on fixation at any psychosexual stage, or the idea that resolution of sexual issues is the basis of our personality.

question

What historically significant and current theories inform our understanding of personality?

answer

Personality is an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Psychodynamic theories view personality from the perspective that behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind. These theories trace their origin to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis. The humanistic approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment. Trait theories examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits). Social-cognitive theories explore the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

question

How did Sigmund Freud's treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?

answer

In treating patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanation, Freud concluded that these problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind. To explore this hidden part of a patient's mind, Freud used free association and dream analysis.

question

What was Freud's view of personality?

answer

Freud believed that personality results from conflict arising from the interaction among the mind's three systems: the id (pleasure-seeking impulses), ego (reality-oriented executive), and superego (internalized set of ideals, or conscience).

question

What developmental stages did Freud propose?

answer

He believed children pass through five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital). Unresolved conflicts at any stage can leave a person's pleasure-seeking impulses fixated (stalled) at that stage.

question

How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?

answer

For Freud, anxiety was the product of tensions between the demands of the id and superego. The ego copes by using unconscious defense mechanisms, such as repression, which he viewed as the basic mechanism underlying and enabling all the others.

question

Which of Freud's ideas did his followers accept or reject?

answer

Freud's early followers, the neo-Freudians, accepted many of his ideas. They differed in placing more emphasis on the conscious mind and in stressing social motives more than sex or aggression. Most contemporary psychodynamic theorists and therapists reject Freud's emphasis on sexual motivation. They stress, with support from modern research findings, the view that much of our mental life is unconscious, and they believe that our childhood experiences influence our adult personality and attachment patterns. Many also believe that our species' shared evolutionary history shaped some universal predispositions.

question

What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?

answer

Projective tests attempt to assess personality by showing people ambiguous stimuli (open to many possible interpretations) and treating their answers as revelations of unconscious motives. One such test, the Rorschach inkblot test, has low reliability and validity except in a few areas, such as hostility and anxiety.

question

How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis?

answer

They give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, to the struggle to cope with our sexuality, to the conflict between biological impulses and social restraints, and for some forms of defense mechanisms (false consensus effect/projection; reaction formation) and unconscious terror-management defenses. But his concept of repression, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, cannot survive scientific scrutiny. Freud offered after-the-fact explanations, which are hard to test scientifically. Research does not support many of Freud's specific ideas, such as the view that development is fixed in childhood. (We now know it is lifelong.)

question

How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?

answer

Current research confirms that we do not have full access to all that goes on in our mind, but the current view of the unconscious is that it is a separate and parallel track of information processing that occurs outside our awareness. This processing includes schemas that control our perceptions; priming; implicit memories of learned skills; instantly activated emotions; and stereotypes that filter our information processing of others' traits and characteristics.

question

This neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority. Anna Freud Alfred Adler Carl Jung Karen Horney

answer

Alfred Adler

question

This neo-Freudian worked closely with Sigmund Freud but placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence. Alfred Adler Anna Freud Carl Jung Karen Horney

answer

Carl Jung

question

This neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers a desire for love and security. Carl Jung Karen Horney Anna Freud Alfred Adler

answer

Karen Horney

question

Marsha just received an income tax refund of $1500. Rather than using this money for some needed expenses, she decides to go out of town. She gets a hotel room with her friends, goes out to eat, spends the day at an amusement park, etc. Marsha has a very weak: ego. id. superego. unconscious

answer

superego

question

Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this: projection. displacement. the false consensus effect. regression.

answer

the false consensus effect

question

humanistic theorists

answer

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

question

self-actualization

answer

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

question

self-transcendence

answer

meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self

question

person-centered perspective

answer

Rogers held that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

question

Rogers believed that a growth-promoting climate required 3 conditions:

answer

genuineness acceptance empathy

question

genuineness

answer

people are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are transparent and self-disclosing

question

acceptance

answer

offer unconditional positive regard

question

unconditional positive regard

answer

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

question

empathy

answer

people share and mirror other's feelings and reflect their meanings

question

self-concept

answer

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

question

individualism

answer

trusting and acting on one's feelings, being true to oneself, fulfilling oneself

question

How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?

answer

This movement sought to turn psychology's attention away from drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to Freudian theory and strict behaviorism.

question

What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?

answer

To be empathic is to share and mirror another person's feelings. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in others by being empathic. Abraham Maslow proposed that self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's potential, and one of the ultimate psychological needs (the other is self-transcendence)

question

traits

answer

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

question

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

answer

counseling and coaching tool feeling type or thinking type feeling type: told they are sympathetic, appreciative and tactful thinking type: good at analyzing

question

factora analysis

answer

a statistical procedure that has also been used to identify clusters (factors) of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill)

question

Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?

answer

introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-instability

question

personality inventory

answer

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

question

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

answer

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for man other screening purposes

question

empirically derived test

answer

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

question

The Big Five Personality Factors

answer

CANOE conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

question

What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?

answer

The Big Five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE). These factors may be objectively measured, and research suggests that these factors are relatively stable over the life span and apply to all cultures in which they have been studied.

question

How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.

answer

Our scores on personality tests predict our average behavior across many situations much better than they predict our specific behavior in any given situation.

question

How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?

answer

The humanistic psychologists' view of personality focused on the potential for healthy personal growth and people's striving for self-determination and self-realization. Abraham Maslow proposed that human motivations form a hierarchy of needs; if basic needs are fulfilled, people will strive toward self-actualization and self-transcendence. Carl Rogers believed that the ingredients of a growth-promoting environment are genuineness, acceptance (including unconditional positive regard), and empathy. Self-concept was a central feature of personality for both Maslow and Rogers.

question

How did humanistic psychologists assess a person's sense of self?

answer

Some rejected any standardized assessments and relied on interviews and conversations. Rogers sometimes used questionnaires in which people described their ideal and actual selves, which he later used to judge progress during therapy.

question

How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?

answer

Humanistic psychology helped renew interest in the concept of self. Critics have said that humanistic psychology's concepts were vague and subjective, its values self-centered, and its assumptions naively optimistic.

question

How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?

answer

Trait theorists see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior. They describe our differences rather than trying to explain them. Using factor analysis, they identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together. Genetic predispositions influence many traits.

question

What are some common misunderstandings about introversion? Does extraversion lead to greater success than introversion?

answer

Introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek low levels of stimulation from their environment. Introversion is also sometimes thought to be a barrier to success, but in fact introverts often experience great achievement, even in sales, through characteristics such as their superior listening skills.

question

What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?

answer

Personality inventories (such as the MMPI) are questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. Test items are empirically derived, and the tests are objectively scored. But people can fake their answers to create a good impression, and the ease of computerized testing may lead to misuse of the tests.

question

Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?

answer

The Big Five personality factors—conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (CANOE)—currently offer the clearest picture of personality. These factors are quite stable and appear to be found in all cultures.

question

Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?

answer

A person's average traits persist over time and are predictable over many different situations. But traits cannot predict behavior in any one particular situation.

question

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait? empirically derived testing factor analysis projective testing free association

answer

factor analysis

question

social-cognitive perspective

answer

views behaviors as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

question

social-cognitive theorists

answer

focus on how we and our environment interact; believe we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others; emphasize the importance of mental processes

question

reciprocal determinism

answer

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment

question

three ways in which individuals and environments interact

answer

1. different people choose different environments 2. our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events 3. our personalities help create situations to which we react

question

behavior emerges from the interplay of ________ and _______ influences

answer

external; internal

question

Albert Bandura proposed the ______________ - ______________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term ______________ ______________.

answer

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

question

the best means of predicting future behavior is

answer

the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations

question

What is the best way to predict a person's future behavior?

answer

Examine the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations.

question

self

answer

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions

question

spotlight effect

answer

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

question

self-esteem

answer

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

question

self-efficacy

answer

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

question

self-serving bias

answer

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

question

people accept ___________ responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures

answer

more

question

narcissism

answer

excessive self-love and self-absorption

question

some people disparage themselves because:

answer

1. subtly strategic 2. prepares us for possible failure 3. learn from our mistakes 4. pertains to one's old self

question

secure self-esteem

answer

less fragile because it is less contingent on external evaluations

question

What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem?

answer

People who feel confident in their abilities are often happier, have greater motivation, and are less susceptible to depression. Excessive optimism and very high self-esteem can lead to blindness to one's own incompetence, self-serving bias, and narcissism.

question

The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called ______________ - ______________ ______________.

answer

self-serving bias

question

______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.

answer

defensive; secure

question

How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they explore behavior?

answer

Albert Bandura first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Social-cognitive researchers apply principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality. Reciprocal determinism is a term describing the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors.

question

What criticisms have social-cognitive theorists faced?

answer

Social-cognitive theorists build on well-established concepts of learning and cognition. They tend to believe that the best way to predict someone's behavior in a given situation is to observe that person's behavior in similar situations. They have been faulted for underemphasizing the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits.

question

Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?

answer

The self is the center of personality, organizing our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Considering possible selves helps motivate us toward positive development, but focusing too intensely on ourselves can lead to the spotlight effect. Self-esteem is our feeling of self-worth; self-efficacy is our sense of competence on a task. High self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness. But the direction of the correlation is not clear. Psychologists caution against unrealistically promoting children's feelings of self-worth. It's better to reward their achievements, which leads to feelings of competence.

question

How do excessive optimism, blindness to one's own incompetence, and self-serving bias reveal the costs of self-esteem, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?

answer

Excessive optimism can lead to complacency and prevent us from seeing real risks, while blindness to one's own incompetence may lead us to make the same mistakes repeatedly. Self-serving bias is our tendency to perceive ourselves favorably, as when viewing ourselves as better than average or when accepting credit for our successes but not blame for our failures. Narcissism is excessive self-love and self-absorption. Defensive self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining itself, and views failure or criticism as a threat. Secure self-esteem enables us to feel accepted for who we are.

question

Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called _____________.

answer

repression

question

According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the _________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways. a. id; ego b. ego; superego c. ego; id d. id; superego

answer

c

question

Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ____________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

answer

superego

question

According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to a. dormant sexual feelings. b. fixation at that stage. c. preconscious blocking of impulses. d. a distorted gender identity.

answer

b

question

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our __________.

answer

anxiety

question

___________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.

answer

projective

question

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on a. development throughout the life span. b. the collective unconscious. c. the role of the id. d. social interactions.

answer

d

question

Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about a. the existence of unconscious mental processes. b. the Oedipus complex. c. the predictive value of Freudian theory. d. the superego's role as the executive part of personality.

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events b. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge d. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills

answer

a

question

Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on a. Freudian theory. b. his experiences with patients. c. a series of laboratory experiments. d. his study of healthy, creative people.

answer

d

question

How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?

answer

Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.

question

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called ____________ _________ _________.

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

____________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

answer

trait

question

One famous personality inventory is the a. Extraversion-Introversion Scale. b. Person-Situation Inventory. c. MMPI. d. Rorschach.

answer

c

question

Our scores on personality tests best predict a. our behavior on a specific occasion. b. our average behavior across many situations. c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness. d. behavior that depends on the situation or context.

answer

b

question

The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is a. the presence of books in a home. b. a preference for outdoor play. c. the ability to read at a fourth-grade level. d. the fear of violent action on television.

answer

a

question

Critics say that _________ - ____________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person's enduring traits.

answer

social-cognitive

question

Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted? a. Life problems cause low self-esteem. b. The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect. c. Low self-esteem leads to life problems. d. Because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem.

answer

b

question

A fortune cookie advises, "Love yourself and happiness will follow." Is this good advice?

answer

Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.

question

The tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the _________ ________

answer

spotlight effect

question

Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective. psychoanalytic social-cognitive trait humanistic

answer

social-cognitive

question

key proponent social-cognitive

answer

Bandura

question

key proponent psychoanalytic

answer

Freud

question

key proponents psychodynamic

answer

Jung, Adler, Horney

question

Which of the following is NOT a social-cultural influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality? cultural expectations learned responses influences of the situation childhood experiences

answer

learned responses

question

Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality? learned responses unconscious thought processes genetic temperament childhood experiences

answer

childhood experiences

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