Psych 408 Test 3 – Flashcards
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With respect to the locus of control continuum, Sally has an external orientation. Which of the following statements would she least likely make?
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"I failed my psychology final because the professor doesn't like me."
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A behavior modification therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try?
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Biofeedback
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Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem?
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phobia
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Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both procedures
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are used to increase the frequency of a behavior.
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The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner's experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively,
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a white rat and a loud noise.
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As a child, Mary always had an unpleasant time whenever she visited her cousins. In addition, most of the times she visited, her aunt would serve meatloaf for dinner. As an adult, Mary hates meatloaf. If her dislike of meatloaf were classically conditioned, the meatloaf would be the
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conditioned stimulus.
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According to Bandura, we learn many behaviors by observing models. Whether or not we perform these behaviors depends on
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our expectations for rewards and punishments.
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Children in one study observed a model acting aggressively against a Bobo doll. The children were then given an opportunity to imitate the model on their own, followed by an opportunity to demonstrate the aggressive acts for rewards. The study was designed to demonstrate
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the distinction between learning and performance.
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Which procedure might you use if you wanted to decrease the frequency of a response?
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Extinction
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Watson paired a loud noise with the appearance of a white rat to create a fear of the animal in a boy known as Little Albert. Watson performed this experiment to demonstrate that
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phobias can develop through classical conditioning.
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Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as
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responsible.
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Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds
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internals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.
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Imagine you present a gender-role inventory to a group of freshmen and discover that one participant scored low on both the masculine and feminine scales. Under which category does this participant belong?
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Undifferentiated
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Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned. He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around. Soon, he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family. He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time. Todd seems to be suffering from
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learned helplessness.
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Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior
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as early as the first few years of life.
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The androgyny model of gender-type divides people into how many different groups?
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Four
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According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to
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give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.
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A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds
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watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
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We would expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model if the model
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is punished for the aggressive behavior.
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Which model for the relationship between gender-type and psychological adjustment has received the least support from research?
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Congruence model
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According to Kelly, anxiety results when
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people can't predict future events.
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Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?
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The situation often initiates behavior.
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When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems, it is often an attempt to eliminate
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self-defeating thinking.
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According to Kelly, well-adjusted people
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constantly replace old, inadequate constructs with new ones.
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Schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?
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Avoid stereotyping
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In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure
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personal constructs.
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Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are
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most important to you.
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Researchers use each of the following dependent variables except one to examine the strength of schemas. Which one?
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How many trials it takes people to correctly answer the test items.
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A strength of the cognitive approach is that it fits well with
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current trends in the field of psychology
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One of the criticisms of the cognitive approach to personality is that many of the concepts introduced by cognitive theorists may not be necessary to explain human behavior. This criticism refers to the
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law of parsimony.
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Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that
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we examine personality from several different perspectives.
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Depressed patients in one study were asked to recall personal experiences associated with words from a list. The researchers found patients were more likely to recall unhappy experiences when feeling particularly depressed. This finding supports which concept?
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Depressive schema
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Which of the following is false about emotional memories?
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The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women.
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Researchers have found that programs designed to change the attributions made by aggression-prone children for the unintentional acts of others
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did not increase in aggressive behavior as they became older.
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Obtaining a complete understanding of aggressive behavior requires that
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we examine aggression from a variety of theoretical perspectives.
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Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to
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have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people.
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According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the depressive schema causes people to
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all of the above
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Which of the following do women tend to remember better than men?
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Information about relationships
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According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who
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interpret ambiguous information in a positive light.
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Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?
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It is related to depression.
