Psych 325 Existential, Gestalt and Person Centered therapy – Flashcards
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Viktor Frankl
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Viennese psychiatrist and founder of humanistic orientation known as logotherapy. Frankl emphasized the importance of the quest for meaning and the human capacity to construct alternative meaning orientations.
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logotherapy
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Developed by Viktor Frankl, a brand of existential therapy that literally means "healing through reason"; focuses on challenging members to search for the meaning in life. -happens to people who are well-functioning but have a sense of emptiness -paradoxical intention- do exactly what they're afraid of, if do it will not be afraid anymore because of the paradox of doing it
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tasks of clinicians according to Viktor Frankl
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-notice when a client has the potential for meaning and freedom -actualize the meaning in client's life -honor meaning in the past
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Themes of Frankl's works
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-meaning -love -work -society
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Rollo May
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Key figure in bringing existential concepts from Europe to the US. Wrote, Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Pyschology. He believed it takes courage to be the person you want to become. We face a constant struggle with-in. We struggle with the security of dependence and the delights and pains of growth.
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What did Rollo emphasize?
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-difficulties of growth and change -aloneless -apprehension about death -courage required for independence
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Irvin Yalom
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-4 existential Givens -group therapy
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what is the conflict for Yalom?
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struggle being meaning-seeking creature in a meaningless world. if we can confront the fear of death we can lead full and meaningful lives.
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4 existential givens
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-inevitability of death (everybody dies no matter what) -freedom (many lifestyle choices, experiences, responsibility for action) -aloneness (lack of true connections, no one understands your thoughts and feelings like you do.) -meaninglessness (no certainties for anything that will happen except life and death)
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how was existentialism developed?
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-1940s-1950s Europe -conflicts in politics, social and scientific events -growth of industrialization that dehumanized society -new concepts about the therapists role as a way to fulfill meaning in the lives of those who believed they just needed a therapist to problem solve
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existential anxiety
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-inevitable anxiety that is caused by being concerned about career or health -mortality complex -positive recognizes need for responsibility and a need to create meaning -representation of "authentic" self
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neurotic anxiety
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-lack of awareness about the world, relationship and psychology -allow to be controlled by chance and circumstance -sense of deep regret ensues
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Dasein
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being present in the world
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potentials of human condition
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-awareness -authenticity -freedom -actualization -making meaning
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Goals of Existential TX
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-find value meaning and purpose -get people out of the victim role -awareness of new freedom -come to terms with anxiety -peacefully exist with anxiety -exercise free will -therapeutic alliance
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Therapeutic alliance (existentialism)
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-values of the therapist are very important as is self-disclosure -give advice and use humor -companions and co-explorers -focus is process rather than content
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process of existential TX
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-never limited or time rushed b/c not in crisis -no stages or transitions -gage awareness and work up to making meaning -difficult to stop therapy b/c too much of a connection, feels like death to separate
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technique (existentialism)
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-self-reflection -lacks much technique or direction because of uniqueness of individuals
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who benefits from existentialism?
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-PTSD -agoraphobia -panic disorder -dysthymic depression -generalized anxiety disorder
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limitations of existential TX
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-heavily reliant on communication and relationship development -leisurely and lengthy process -self-exploration -does not directly relieve symptoms -may not align with certain world views -not good for drug dependence
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strengths of existential TX
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-multicultural -philosophy of human development (meaning and choice) -emphasizes collaborative relationship -authentic clinical and client relation -places people beyond pathology to a place relevant for everyone -phenomenological -flexible and creative
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Gestalt Therapy
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Focus on awareness of moment to moment experiences -people are responsible for their own behavior - active participation in here and now. "AH HA" moments. -Chief figure is Fritz Perls -european -studies integration of parts to whole -role play to act out psychological difficulties so others may understand perspective
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Fritz Perls
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-participated in WWI -experiences in theater enlightened about non-verbal communication -gestalt therapy developed in N. Africa medical corps during WWII -Considered most dreams a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be "re-owned." Believed that dreams are a way of filling gaps in personal experience. Method of analyzing dreams involved speaking for characters and objects in your dreams.
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Therapeutic relationship (Gestalt)
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-humanistic and optimistic -experiential -phenomenological
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What goes wrong (Gestalt)
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experiencing difficulty b/c they have become cut off from important parts of themselves e.g.. emotions, bodies and contact with others
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human nature (Gestalt)
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-everyone can actualize -people are basically good -everyone has capacity to cope and recognize when they need help
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integration, parts and balance
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-cannot be divided by parts and be separated from environment (many personalities lack wholeness) -depending on the person may disassociate themselves from certain parts and exaggerate the parts they find to be more favorable.
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awareness (gestalt)
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-become fully aware of problems with yourself and self-regulation -limits to awareness- preoccupation, past, fantasies, strengths, etc. -can make it difficult for people to trust themselves
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"growth disorders"
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-denial or rejection of part of self in the environment -not making fulfilling contacts, lack of awareness, and not living in the present -lack support needed to mature and confidence to create resources
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creative adjustment
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-avoidance and resistance keep people restricted to an unhealthy state -more unfinished business -less awareness
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Gestalt TX Goals
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-attention to experience -promote integrity and interrelationships -experiment -encourage creativity -improve sense of wholeness -closure -accessing their own resources -actualization -meaning
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therapeutic alliance (Gestalt)
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-both client and clinician fully in here and now -genuine and aware of feelings -direct language to promote collaborative environment -focus on "I" statements about feelings to keep more personal in the present tense
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empty chair
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role play the conflict from the perspective of both sides so they may see the phenomenological
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Group Gestalt TX
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-usually individual in the beginning -focus on interpersonal dynamics -can provide empowerment and awareness -put in the hot seat and told what the group noticed about their body language and vocal to promote self awareness
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who gestalt tx benefits
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-not for urgent crisis, out of touch with reality (but not schizophrenia or paranoia), those who attribute their problems to others -good for those who are not living life fully, detached or pressured by life -chronic illness, disabilities, and old farts
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limitations (Gestalt)
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limited for those with severe cognitive impairment and impulse control, sociopathic or psychotic symptoms -promotes too much individualism -neglect of important past concerns
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strength (Gestalt)
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-reduce interpersonal tension by using role play methods -specific realization of growth -adapts treatment to each person -empowerment and joy
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Principals of Gestalt Therapy
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1. people find their way and accept responsibility 2. awareness is key 3. disown unsavory parts 4. everyone has unfinished business 5. anxiety 6. focus on here and now 7. overuse fo resistances
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5 resistances
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1. introjection 2. projection 3. retroflection 4. deflection 5. confluence
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introjection
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taking something inappropriately and reenact behaviors
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projection
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don't want to see unpleasantness in self so push it off on others
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retroflection
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turn bad feelings on to self which creates depression
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deflection
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can't deal with something so deflect your feelings someone else's
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confluence
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path of least resistance builds resentment
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naming of gestalt
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patterns law of closure
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Gestalt Techniques
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-physical movement -empty chair -dreams
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Rules of using Gestalt techniques
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therapist must experience the technique build a strong alliance orient client to what youre doing invite-don't command allow client to stop understand culture gear for success pay attention plenty of time for processing
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Psych Strategies that reduce awareness
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self undermining overuse of questions overuse of humor "it talk" "you talk"
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Hierarchy of needs
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Maslow -basic needs, safety needs, affiliation, esteem, and self actualizing needs
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benefits of hierarchy of needs
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analysis driven -high tolerance for difference -low anxiety -nonjudgmental, finds strengths
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Carl Rogers
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-Field: humanistic; -Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
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3 conditions for necessary and sufficient change
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-warm/empathy -authenticity -unconditional positive regard
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what goes wrong (humanism)
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incongruence between authentic self and approval seeking self
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Rogerian assumptions
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-people are essentially trustworthy -people have enormous potential to grow -can direct your own growth -therapy[ist-client relationship is exceedingly important
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what should a therapist not do in rogerian TX
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-no advice -no diagnosis -educate, they already know everything just need to access it
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Rogerian technique
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reflection
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what is rogerian therapy not able to treat
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manic episodes and immediate crisis
