question

According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with ___________.

answer

b. impaired functioning p.1

question

In regard to the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that

answer

a. no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality.

question

The criterion that a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality because

answer

d. many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn't mean that they have a disorder. p.2

question

A psychological dysfunction refers to

answer

a. a breakdown in cognitive functioning. b. a breakdown in emotional functioning. c. a breakdown in behavioral functioning. P.2

question

Behaviors that deviate from the norm are

answer

c. typically seen as a disorder when they impair function. p.2

question

A male college student begins feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worrying about what is happening to him. Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his situation?

answer

a. Personal distress p.2

question

The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ___________ as described in DSM-IV.

answer

d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders p.3

question

Rocky Starr is a rocker who wears outlandish female makeup and women's clothing when performing on stage. This behavior is considered

answer

b. less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success. p.4

question

The scientific study of psychological disorders is called __________.

answer

Psychopathology p.4

question

After college graduation, two of your friends are interested in careers in the helping professions. Anna wants to become a psychiatrist; Carl plans on becoming a psychologist. Since you are taking a course in Abnormal Psychology, they ask you for career advice. You would tell

answer

Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level. p.4

question

Dr. Okalemi Watabe is a mental health practioner. All of the following are ways in which she might function as a scientist-practitioner EXCEPT

answer

analyzing her own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems. p.4-5

question

A ___________ is what first brought the individual to therapy; the ____________ represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

answer

presenting problem; clinical description p.5

question

Prevalence refers to

answer

how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. p.6

question

Incidence refers to

answer

how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. p.5

question

Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the ___________ of the disorder.

answer

b. Incidence p.5

question

In terms of their typical course, schizophrenia follows a chronic course, while mood disorders, including depression, follow a(n) _____________ course.

answer

a. Episodic p.5

question

A psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ .

answer

a. suddenly; gradually p.5

question

When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's _______.

answer

b. Prognosis p.5

question

A disorder that comes on slowly is said to have a(n) _______ onset.

answer

c. Insidious p.5

question

Developmental psychopathology refers to the study of changes in

answer

abnormal behavior.

question

Dr. Littlefox studies the origins and causes of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Dr. Littlefox studies the ___________ of a disorder.

answer

Etiology

question

At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural causes that include all of the following

answer

magnetic fields. demons and evil spirits. the moon and stars.

question

The biological and psychological models or theories of abnormality derived originally from the ancient Greek concept in which the

answer

mind was considered separate from the body.

question

Since the time of ancient Greece, the concept of a psyche or soul was similar to that of the _______.

answer

Mind

question

Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th century, the causes of "madness" were generally attributed to

answer

d. demons and witches.

question

Which of the following accurately describes common beliefs about people with psychological disorders during the 14th century?

answer

They were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes.

question

During the Middle Ages, as well as at other times, mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual called exorcism in order to

answer

rid the individual's body of evil spirits.

question

The treatment given to the mentally ill King Charles VI of France showed that the causes of his disorder were attributed to ______________ phenomena.

answer

both natural and supernatural

question

The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept of ______________ as a cause of madness.

answer

divine punishment

question

One hot and humid night, one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things. You look up at the sky and say, "It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word ____________ is derived.

answer

Lunatic

question

During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly exhibit bizarre behavior such as running out into the street, dancing, shouting, and jumping around. This was known as _________.

answer

Tarantism

question

The historic belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, stars, and planets influence human behavior is still held by followers of the pseudoscience called _____________.

answer

Astrology

question

Which of the following are the causes of psychopathology suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC)?

answer

Head injury Brain pathology Genetics

question

You are listening to old musical tunes, including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that "melancholic," referring to a depressive personality, derives from a Greek word meaning _________.

answer

black bile

question

According to Hippocrates' humoral theory, the "choleric" personality is ________.

answer

hot-tempered

question

Based on Hippocrates' humoral theory, "sanguine" describes a person who is ________.

answer

Cheerful

question

Bloodletting, a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors, was accomplished with the use of _________.

answer

Leeches

question

In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by ________.

answer

Marriage

question

In ancient Greece, "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by

answer

increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to heat, dryness, moisture, or cold.

question

Induced vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression. As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), this could be accomplished by eating _________.

answer

Coal

question

Somatoform disorders, a current DSM-IV classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect

answer

both males and females of any age.

question

In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century, a physician treating King Charles VI of France had him moved to the countryside in order to

answer

restore the balance in his humors.

question

In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout history have used treatments such as ________.

answer

Bloodletting

question

The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now associated with which DSM-IV classification?

answer

Somatoform disorders

question

The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of ____________.

answer

an "incompetent cervix"

question

Until the 1970s, hysterical disorders were diagnosed only in women. In fact, the term "hysteria" derives from the Greek hysteron, which means ___________.

answer

Vagina

question

The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes __________.

answer

syphilis

question

The significance of the cure for syphilis was that

answer

behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced to a curable infection.

question

In the 19th century, John Gray, a well-known psychiatrist in the US, believed that mental illness was due to ____________.

answer

physical causes

question

In the 1930s, when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, __________________ began to be used instead.

answer

electroconvulsive therapy

question

The effect of electroconvulsive therapy in making a person feel elated and therefore help depression was discovered by a. John Gray, who was the champion of the biological tradition in the US. b. a Dutch physician who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. c. Hippocrates, who was the father of medicine. d. Joseph von Meduna, who was a Hungarian psychiatrist.

answer

b. a Dutch physician who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin.

question

The first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders were developed in the _________.

answer

c. 1950s

question

Although electroconvulsive therapy is controversial, we still use it today. It is interesting that it is used

answer

despite the fact that we have little knowledge

question

With the discovery of the major tranquilizers called _____________, psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and aggressiveness, were able to be controlled.

answer

neuroleptics

question

Benzodiazepines, or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium, are effective in reducing the symptoms of __________.

answer

anxiety

question

In the late 1800s, the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder resulted ironically in reduced interest in treatments for mental patients because it was thought that

answer

mental illness was due to an undiscovered brain pathology and was incurable.

question

In contrast to the asylums of the early 18th century, the psychosocial approach called moral therapy advocated all of the following

answer

normal social interaction. individual attention from the hospital staff. lectures on interesting subjects for hospitalized patients.

question

The idea that psychological disorders could be classified based on their symptoms, onset, time course, and cause is attributed to

answer

Emil Kraepelin.

question

Moral treatment for mental patients involved

answer

treating institutionalized patients as humanely as possible.

question

After Philippe Pinel introduced moral therapy as a treatment in mental hospitals in France, a similar type of socially facilitative environment was first established in a US hospital by.

answer

Benjamin Rush.

question

After the mid 1800s, moral therapy declined as a treatment for the mentally ill because a. the number of patients in mental institutions also declined. b. immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population. c. the number of people available to staff mental hospitals increased. d. new biologically based treatments became available.

answer

immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population.

question

You have been asked to give a report on the mental hygiene movement and its foremost crusader Dorothea Dix, who campaigned for more humane treatment of the insane. After mentioning all of her accomplishments, you note the unforeseen consequence of her efforts, namely,

answer

an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them.

question

Anton Mesmer, an early 18th century physician, purported to cure patients by unblocking their flow of a bodily fluid he called "animal magnetism." In fact, any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to

answer

the power of suggestion.

question

A "double blind" experiment to ascertain the effectiveness of animal magnetism therapy was conducted by

answer

Benjamin Franklin.

question

Which of the following accurately describes the patients of Freud and Breur after they received hypnotherapy for their psychological disorders?

answer

Feelings of relief and improvement

question

Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer, and Freud hypothesized the existence of ___________, a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology.

answer

the unconscious mind

question

In using hypnosis to treat patients with psychological disorders, Freud discovered

answer

that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events.

question

In the classic case of Anna O. in 1895, the neurologist Breuer treated her "hysterical" symptoms by using _________.

answer

hypnosis

question

Freud's technique included the release of emotional material, which was known as _________.

answer

catharsis

question

In Freudian theory "libido" and "thanatos" represent the two basic but opposing drives of ________.

answer

life and death

question

You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how someone could commit such a horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud, anyone could be a killer or rapist if _________ impulses were not well controlled.

answer

id

question

Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id, many people think of it as the __________.

answer

sex drive

question

According to psychoanalytic theory, the __________ develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world while still finding ways to meet our basic needs.

answer

ego

question

According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," so it

answer

is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious.

question

A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. You respond by saying that

answer

each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically.

question

If you were asked to explain Freud's structure of the mind to a friend who was unfamiliar with psychology, you might use an organizational analogy in which the id would be the employee who comes to work late and takes very long lunch hours, the superego would be the building security guard, and the ego would be

answer

a manager.

question

The warring id and superego cause anxiety as a result of a. intrapsychic conflict. b. displacement. c. conscience judging the ego ideal. d. defense mechanisms.

answer

intrapsychic conflict.

question

When Johnny wanted a cookie before dinner, he thought about just going and taking one without permission. However, after thinking about it, he decided to get permission from his mom. Johnny was operating according to the _______ principle.

answer

reality

question

According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defense, which function as

answer

unconscious protective processes.

question

As used in modern terminology to reflect coping styles, defense mechanisms

answer

can be either adaptive or maladaptive.

question

Severe internal conflicts that produce a lot of anxiety or other emotions can trigger self-defeating defensive processes or symptoms such as

answer

phobic or obsessive symptoms.

question

Which of the following is an example of the maladaptive, self-defeating type of defensive mechanism?

answer

A phobia

question

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual unconsciously block disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from awareness?

answer

Repression

question

Accusing your partner of being mad at you after they have aggravated you is an example of _______.

answer

projection

question

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another person?

answer

Projection

question

Playing a rough game of football after a bad day at school is an example of ________.

answer

sublimation

question

The concept of defense mechanisms is referred to as ____________ in contemporary terminology.

answer

coping styles

question

Mrs. B. received a very poor rating by her supervisor who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. She responded by yelling, "Leave me alone! Can't you see I'm tired?" According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as ______.

answer

displacement

question

A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the __________ stage.

answer

oral

question

Four-year-old Miguel says to his mother, "Mommy, I love you. I want to marry you." This is an example of the manifestation of

answer

the Oedipal complex.

question

The Electra complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls, is characterized by

answer

penis envy.

question

Which of the following is NOT related to the "collective unconscious" in Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theory?

answer

Genetic inheritance of personality traits

question

The first proponent of ego psychology was

answer

Ana Freud.

question

In their theories about human nature, psychoanalysts Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both

answer

emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization.

question

According to object relations theory,

answer

one sees the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into one's self.

question

Casey is an outgoing, happy-go-lucky, outwardly social individual, whereas Samantha is shy, somewhat withdrawn, and quiet. These two individuals represent which of Jung's concepts?

answer

Extraversion/introversion

question

According to Freud, a neurosis is all nonpsychotic psychological disorders resulting from

answer

underlying unconscious conflicts. the anxiety resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts. the implementation of ego defense mechanisms.

question

The "object" in the object relations school of thought refers to

answer

important people in your life.

question

According to object relations theory, the objects in your world are either

answer

injected into your ego or assigned conflicting roles in your identity.

question

Tactics that characterize psychodynamic psychotherapy include all of the following EXCEPT a. a focus on affect and the expression of a person's emotions. b. identification of patterns in patients' actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships. c. it is more in depth and significantly longer than classical psychoanalysis. d. there is an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.

answer

c. it is more in depth and significantly longer than classical psychoanalysis.

question

Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it a. emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction. b. requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues. d. considers past experiences important.

answer

c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues.

question

Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique a. is basically unscientific. b. has been proven effective. c. has been subject to careful measurement criteria. d. is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation.

answer

a. is basically unscientific.

question

The following are all criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT: a. It is basically unscientific and untestable. b. It is largely based on anecdotal evidence. c. The structures of the mind cannot be scientifically measured. d. Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed.

answer

d. Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed.

question

Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers? a. Unconditional positive regard b. Hierarchy of needs c. Empathy d. Person-centered therapy

answer

b. Hierarchy of needs

question

Humanistic therapists regard _______________ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth. a. therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) c. self-esteem d. intellectual and moral development

answer

b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship)

question

The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by a. humanistic psychology. b. psychoanalysis. c. Jungian psychology. d. the behavioral model.

answer

d. the behavioral model.

question

Unconditional positive regard is critical to the a. object relations approach. b. humanistic approach. c. psychoanalytic approach. d. behavioral approach.

answer

b. humanistic approach.

question

A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to a. be very directive with clients. b. analyze the client's dreams. c. emphasize the consequences of the client's actions. d. take a passive role in any interactions.

answer

d. take a passive role in any interactions.

question

According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when a. a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus. b. a stimulus is followed by positive consequences. c. a response is accepted unconditionally. d. a stimulus and an object are paired together.

answer

a. a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus.

question

Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

answer

d. conditioned response.

question

Mustafa was bitten by a deranged Chihuahua when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of all dogs. This is an example of a. stimulus inhibition. b. stimulus discrimination. c. stimulus generalization. d. stimulus disinhibition

answer

c. stimulus generalization.

question

In classical conditioning, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period of time would eventually lead to the a. extinction of the conditioned response. b. elimination of the conditioned response. c. shaping of the conditioned response. d. forgetting of the response.

answer

a. extinction of the conditioned response.

question

The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT: a. It has contributed greatly to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. b. It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology. c. Psychological disorders were considered, for the most part, to be environmentally determined. d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

answer

d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

question

Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology? a. Law of effect (Thorndike) b. Behavior modification (Skinner) c. Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) d. Conditioning of a fear response (Pavlov)

answer

c. Systematic desensitization (Wolpe)

question

Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and well-established treatment. You advise her that ________________, based on the mid 20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure. a. systematic desensitization b. person centered therapy c. exorcism d. aversive conditioning

answer

a. systematic desensitization

question

When scientific principles of psychology are applied to clinical problems or psychopathology, the procedures implemented are called a. clinical psychology. b. behavior therapy. c. scientific psychology. d. the law of effect.

answer

b. behavior therapy.

question

Operant conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that a. behavior operates on the environment. b. people operate independently of experiences in the real world. c. conditioning is an unconscious operation. d. the brain operates independently of behavioral consequences.

answer

a. behavior operates on the environment.

question

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of __________. a. Punishment b. positive reinforcements c. random reinforcement d. internal processes

answer

b. positive reinforcements

question

Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to a. ignoring everything but the desired behavior. b. punishing everything except the desired behavior. c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. d. rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior.

answer

c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior.

question

The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be a. unidimensional. b. multiply determined. c. impossible to determine. d. untestable scientifically.

answer

b. multiply determined.

question

The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach. a. Sociocultural b. psychobiological/biopsychological c. Unidimensional d. multidimensional integrative

answer

d. multidimensional integrative

question

A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors is said to be taking a(n) _____________ approach to understanding psychological disorders: a. Applied b. Practical c. Psychoanalytical d. integrative

answer

b. Practical

question

Ivan Pavlov's ideas were brought to the United States in the early 20th century by a. John B. Watson. b. Carl Jung. c. B.F. Skinner. d. Mary Cover Jones.

answer

a. John B. Watson.

question

Behaviorists John Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that both animal and human behaviors are the result of a. conditioning. b. biological causes. c. unconscious motivation. d. self-actualization.

answer

a. conditioning.

question

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, based his theories of conditioning on the results of experiments he conducted on a. dogs. b. humans. c. rats. d. pigeons.

answer

a. dogs.

question

1.Discuss why the criteria for abnormality are not completely satisfactory in defining abnormality, psychological dysfunction, and "culturally expected" behavior.

answer

Psychological dysfunction is not totally satisfactory because behavior is on a continuum, and a milder version of impairment would not meet the criteria for a disorder. As for personal distress, by itself, this criterion does not define abnormal behavior because distress can be a normal reaction to a traumatic situation. Also, for some of the psychological disorders, by definition, suffering and distress are absent. Atypical or not culturally accepted is insufficient when it refers to someone such as a person with an exceptionally high IQ who is atypical but not disordered. Culturally unacceptable is not sufficient because what may be atypical in one culture is perfectly acceptable in another.

question

Describe psychoanalytic theory. Refer to concepts such as anxiety, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual development.

answer

The psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud is based on three major concepts. -Structure of the mind. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into three major parts: the id, the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies, which operates on the pleasure principle; the ego, or the part of the mind that operates on the reality principle to ensure that we act realistically; and the superego, or conscience, which represents the moral principles of our culture. When these areas are in conflict, it can result in anxiety. -Defense mechanisms. In order to mediate continuing conflict between the id and the superego, the ego marshals defense mechanisms or unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions in check. Examples include denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation. -Psychosexual stages of development. Freud theorized that during infancy and early childhood, we pass through psychosexual stages of development in a specific order that affect our lifetime functioning. These stages include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, and are characterized by distinctive means of gratifying our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure.

question

Discuss the theories of the psychoanalytic and humanistic researchers who followed Freud, how their concepts related to his theory, and how these theories are viewed today.

answer

Anna Freud, Sigmund Freud's daughter, explored and extended his work on defense mechanisms and developed the field of ego psychology, while Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg developed the theory of object relations, which is based on studying how children incorporate images, memories, and the values of important people in their lives. However, other theorists broke with Freud to develop their own psychological theories. Carl Jung rejected many of the sexual aspects of Freud's theory, and focused on the concept of the collective unconscious, or wisdom accumulated by society and culture over time. Alfred Adler focused on people's feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority, and coined the term the inferiority complex. Both of these theories assumed that the basic quality of human nature is positive rather than negative, and that people could be helped to improve if barriers to growth were removed. Psychoanalytic theory and its outgrowths have shaped the study of psychopathology and the history of ideas in Western civilization, but they have typically been hard to study scientifically, and are not always practical or cost-effective in practice. Humanistic therapies were developed to help people pursue self-actualization or the attainment of their highest potential. Proponents of these theories include Abraham Maslow, who focused on the hierarchy of needs people experience, and Carl Rogers, who advocated unconditional positive regard to foster growth. The humanistic approaches were very popular in the 1960s and 1970s and brought about an emphasis on the role of therapists in treatment. However, they did not contribute much to our understanding of psychopathology, and have fallen out of favor therapeutically.

question

Explain how the behavioral model developed and how it has influenced the understanding and treatment of psychopathology.

answer

The behavioral model is based on the idea that it should be possible to study behavior using scientific techniques. Ivan Pavlov, a researcher in Russia, studied the conditioning of responses based on pairing a stimulus that is initially neutral with a stimulus that typically elicits a natural response. Over time, a conditioned response comes to be elicited by the stimulus, which is now called a conditioned stimulus. Psychologists like John B. Watson applied scientific methods to condition behavioral responses in people. Joseph Wolpe used the principles of classical conditioning to treat phobias using systematic desensitization, extinguishing fear of objects by showing people that nothing bad really happens in the presence of the feared object or setting. B.F. Skinner argued that people not only respond to their environments, but act upon them, and developed the theory of operant conditioning, which argues that behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or consequences of the action. Skinner contended that manipulating reinforcements can shape or create particular behaviors and that these principles can be used therapeutically.

question

Explain the inadequacies of the various perspectives, and explain why the concept of a multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology appears to be the more logical approach.

answer

All of the various approaches had shortcoming when attempting to explain psychopathology. The biological model, while effective in treating some disorders, could not treat others. Since biological causes could not be found for some disorders, biological treatments could not be developed. Also, active intervention and treatment were all but eliminated in some settings, despite availability of other effective approaches. The psychoanalytic perspective was based on anecdotal evidence and could not be scientifically evaluated. Many of the basic tenets could not be observed. Humanistic theory contributed very little new information to the field of psychopathology. Its principles were not scientifically tested nor were they very useful in the intervention of severe psychological disorders. The behavioral model suggested that all psychopathology was environmentally determined. It also failed to account for development of psychopathology across the lifespan. It cannot explain the more complex layers of both conscious and subconscious behaviors. As the use of scientific research techniques has continued to expand our understanding of the biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, developmental, and social factors that contribute to behavior, it is increasingly clear that psychopathology is multiply determined. This understanding now influences our understanding of both the causes and treatments of psychological disorders.

question

Which of the following is not an aspect of the definition of psychological disorders?

answer

b. The psychodynamic element, which suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of poor ego defense mechanisms

question

The scientist-practitioner model of psychology focuses on

answer

a. the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use.

question

Louie was barking like a dog and walking on his hands and knees. A professional thought the cause of Louie's problem was that he had an excess of a particular neurotransmitter, so she prescribed a drug for him. The professional is most likely a ____________, operating under the _____________ model of abnormal behavior.

answer

d. psychiatrist, biological

question

The Oedipus complex, which, according to Freud, occurs during the __________ stage of psychosexual development, is characterized by_____________ __________. a. genital; penis envy b. oral; penis envy c. phallic; castration anxiety d. latency; castration anxiety

answer

c. phallic; castration anxiety

question

One of the results of the discovery that the disease syphilis and the disordered behavior that results from it are both caused by the same bacterial microorganism was

answer

a. mental health professionals began to think that other psychological disorders might be caused by other microorganisms, and biological cures might be possible.

question

The phenomenon in which entire groups of people simultaneously begin to behave abnormally is known as

answer

a. mass hysteria.

question

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a drug and the problem it is used to treat?

answer

c. Bromides: hallucinations

question

Breuer discovered that

answer

a. hysterical symptoms were alleviated after patients discussed them under hypnosis.

question

Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning?

answer

c. It involves shaping procedures.

question

The elements of person-centered therapy include

answer

d. unconditional positive regard and empathy.

question

Your best friend tells you she has just gotten a job in a Veteran's Administration hospital where she will administer and interpret tests, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and continue her research on chronic disorders. All of her training in _____________ has paid off.

answer

d. clinical psychology

question

Alarmingly, in some areas where the rate of new cases of AIDS had been declining, it has begun increasing again. The statistic that tells us this information is

answer

a. incidence.

question

Therapist Dr. X (not her real name) is working with a client who is heavily involved with body-piercing. The client enjoys it, but Dr. X thinks the amount is so excessive she considers it abnormal behavior. She is employing which definition of abnormality?

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b. Culturally inappropriate or unexpected

question

As a psychiatrist, you have a client experiencing anxiety and panic attacks. You most likely prescribe

answer

b. benzodiazepines.

question

Early findings apparently supporting psychoanalytic therapy were based on

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b. case studies.

question

Defense mechanisms may be important in treatment planning because they

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d. may differ for different psychological disorders.

question

An individual who blocks disturbing thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness is said to be using the defense mechanism

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d. repression.

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The purpose of psychoanalysis is

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c. to reveal unconscious conflicts.

question

One key difference between Jung and Adler was that

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a. Jung focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Adler emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society.

question

Tim owns a cat who licks her chops when she hears cellophane cat food packets being opened. This is not a skill she or her wild ancestors learned in the jungle. According to a classical conditioning account, the cellophane sound is

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a. a conditioned stimulus

question

What is Joseph Wolpe's most noted contribution to psychology?

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a. Systematic desensitization as a means of therapy

question

Human behavior, both normal and abnormal, is the result of biological, psychological, and social factors

answer

c. interacting.

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