Psych 235 Ch.12 – Flashcards

1. Identify the statement that demonstrates the principle of reversibility. A) Addition can be used to undo subtraction. B) There is still only one pizza regardless of how many slices we make. C) The teenager in the photograph is Grandpa. D) A frog was once a tadpole.

2. Because she understands reversibility, Darcie believes that: A) if she doesn't like her snowman, she can always tear it apart and redistribute the snow. B) her brother will get in trouble if he breaks his mother's favorite vase. C) adults never grow younger. D) she can wear her sweater inside out or backwards.

3. Even though research has shown that young children can understand many of Piaget's concrete operations, which of the following is a correct statement regarding the differences in thinking between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old? A) The 4-year-old has the ability to separate the relevant from the irrelevant. B) The 9-year-old has the ability to apply abstract thought to the classification process. C) The 4-year-old will be able to distinguish between relevance and flexibility. D) The 9-year-old has the ability to be both precise and flexible in classification.

4. Piaget has provided us with the ______ context of children's concepts, whereas Vygotsky has provided us with the ______ context. A) cognitive; behaviorist B) empirical; experimental C) individual; social D) social; individual

5. Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory? A) everything you see right now B) the answer to this question C) where you saw the term working memory in the text D) the musical theme of your favorite television show

6. As José walked to school with Tony, he saw Tony's notebook in his backpack. José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook containing his homework. José's sensation on seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which then triggered José's: A) sensory memory. B) working memory. C) long-term memory. D) knowledge base.

7. By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is: A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition. B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information. C) unlimited regarding information but limited to highly emotional experiences. D) virtually limitless.

8. When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks: "Would you please repeat the question?" but when she responds to a classmate's question, she says: "Huh?" This example shows that Kitana understands: A) at the formal operational stage of Piaget. B) metacognitive processes. C) the control processes in speech. D) the pragmatics of language.

9. John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers when called on in class. This is because John understands the: A) metacognitive aspects of intellect. B) pragmatics of his language. C) automatized view of social interaction. D) control processes of regulation.

10. The sudden understanding that one's tone of voice and word selection and the context in which the language is used may override the literal content of one's speech requires a complex knowledge of: A) metacognition. B) automatization. C) the pragmatics of language. D) working memory.

11. Two factors that play important roles in the connection between low SES and language learning are: A) parenting style and preschool attendance. B) nutrition and prenatal care. C) conversation and the number of books in the household. D) early exposure to language and expectation.

12. The so-called reading wars are most specifically related to: A) memorization vs. comprehension. B) whole language vs. phonics. C) abstract conceptualization vs. concrete comprehension. D) metacognition vs. the hidden curriculum.

13. The problem with smaller school classes is that: A) politicians won't support them. B) they are too costly. C) the research supporting their advantages is mixed. D) evidence supporting their benefit is correlational.

14. You are a professor who believes that our brains work very much like a computer in terms of learning, storing, and retrieving information. With which of the following theories would you most likely agree? A) Piaget's B) Vygotsky's C) information processing D) biocognitive

15. Identify the best example of selective attention. A) Ryan reads while other children in the room are singing. B) Shelley decides to do her math homework before going outside to play. C) Bill is drawing a picture, but he is distracted by his brother's radio. D) Karen is fixing a snack, trying to work on puzzles, and listening to the radio.

16. Abbreviations (such as LOL, BTW, and RU) in text messages and e-mails are all examples of: A) metaphors. B) simile. C) grammar. D) codes.

17. Jefferson High School has rules and regulations that guarantee student representation in school affairs. John, a senior, has learned that the administration of his high school wants obedience. Obedience at John's school is an example of a hidden: A) agenda. B) curriculum. C) value. D) assumption.

18. Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in math and reading abilities? A) Boys are better at math, and girls are better at reading across all cultures. B) In Asian countries, girls score consistently higher in math than boys. C) Differences between nations are far greater than differences between genders. D) In Scotland, boys average several points higher in reading than girls.