Psyc – Test 4

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The process of encoding refers to ___________
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getting information into memory
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The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among ___________
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sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.
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Implicit
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For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
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Echoic
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Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as_________
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The spacing effect
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Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between_________
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deep and shallow processing.
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Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?
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Hippocampus
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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing_______
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Flashbulb Memories
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Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates___________.
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context-dependent memory.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially_________
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rapid and subsequently slows down.
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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates_____
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Motivated Forgetting
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In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word \"smashed\" in relation to the accident later recalled___________
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Broken glass at the scene of the accident.
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As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates_________
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Source amnesia
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Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that_______________
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it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories
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To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that__________
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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.
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The basic components of emotion are_______
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expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that________
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to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
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The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the______
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Cannon-Bard theory
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In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that______________
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our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
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According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
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a cognitive label; physical arousal
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Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the__________
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Amygdala
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Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by_____
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Carroll Izard
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As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.
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Sympathetic
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Maureen is an introvert, who prefers staying in and reading a good book. Her friend Paula is an extravert, who would much rather spend her time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and express emotions,
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Maureen is better at recognition and Paula is more expressive.
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When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.
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Parasympathetic System
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Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ________.
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Disgust; Joy
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When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, ________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.
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Physically Abused
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If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________.
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Male;male
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The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are___
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The same throughout the world.
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Most participants reported feeling more happy than sad after rubberbands secured to the sides of their faces were stretched over the tops of their heads. Their reactions best illustrated ________
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The facial feedback effect
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Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.
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stressor; stress reaction
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Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger________
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a fight-or-flight reaction.
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The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are_______
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alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
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The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates_________
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the tend-and-befriend response
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The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called____
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psychoneuroimmunology
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Who is the best example of a Type A personality?
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Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president.
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Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his_________
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Anger
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To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates_________
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Problem-focused coping
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Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack_______
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Perceived control
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The perception that our fate is determined by chance events is most closely associated with _________
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An external locus of control
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In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in__________
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Self-control
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Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active.
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More;healthier
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Subjective well-being refers to_______
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Self-Perceived Happiness
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People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.
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Subjective well-being
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Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?
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Having an active religious faith
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Retrieval
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Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded.
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Recall
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is similar to \"fill-in-the-blank\". You retrieve Information previously learned and unconsciously stored.
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Recognition
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A form of \"multiple choice\". You identify which stimuli match your stored information.
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Relearning
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A measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information before.
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Encoding
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The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored
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Storage
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The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved.
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills.
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Sensory memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short-term or long-term memory.
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Short-term memory:
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Some of this information is processed into this and encoded through rehearsal
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Long-term memory
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Information then moves into this where it can be retrieved later. - Look more into
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Working memory
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More goes on in short-term memory besides rehearsal; Trying to remember something for an exam or remember professors names - mentally echoing a term so we'll know it at a later time
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Automatic Processing
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Some information seems to go straight from sensory experience into long term memory
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Auditory rehearsal
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repeating a password to memorize it
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Executive functions
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choosing what to attend to, respond to
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Visospatial \"sketchpad\"
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rearranging room furniture in your mind
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Explicit memory
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Frontal Lobes and the Hippocampus - include facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time you ate sushi or the name of your 1st boy/girl-friend
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Effortful processing
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Studying, rehearsing, thinking about, and then storing information in long-term memory.
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Automatic processing
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without our awareness that we are building a memory
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Implicit memory
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the memories we are not fully aware of and thus don't \"declare\"/talk about. - Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia - include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations.
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Echoic memory
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allows people to pretend or even convince themselves that they were paying attention when they merely had their ears operating. - 3-4 Second echo
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Capacity of short-term memory?
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We can hold 7 +/-2 information bits (for example, a string of 5 to 9 letters) in this memory.
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Working memory
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mentally echoing a term so we'll know it at a later time
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Spacing effect
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You will develop better retention and recall, especially in the long run, if you use the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions.
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Testing effect
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Henry Roediger (b. 1947) found that if your distributed practice includes testing (having to answer questions about the material), you will learn more and retain more than if you merely reread.
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Shallow processing
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Memorizing the appearance or sound of words.
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Memory storage
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implicit and explicit memory, hippocampus' and cerebellum's role in memory.
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Priming
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Retrieval is affected by activation our association - This triggers a threat of association that brings us to a concept, just as a spider feels movement in a web and followed it to find the bug. - \" Invisible memory because it affects us consciously
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Context-dependent memory
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Part of the web of associations of a memory is the context. - Remembering something only in a certain place
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State-dependent memory
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Memories can also be tied to the emotional state we were in when we formed the memory.
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Mood- congruent
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The tendency to selectively recall details that are consisted with one's current mood. - When you're happy, you recall happy events.
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Serial position effect
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When learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)
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Storage decay
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Material encoded into long term memory will decay if the memory is never used, recalled, and re-stored.
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Retrieval failure
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We cannot access stored information accurately.
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Retroactive interference
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when new stimuli/learning interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories. - Study before you go to bed! (1 hour)
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Proactive interference
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occurs when past information interferes (in a forward-acting way) with learning new information.
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What are the three ways we forget?
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Encoding Failure, Storage Decay, Retrieval Failure
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Encoding Failure
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Don't properly put something in memory - Aren't paying attention
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Motivated forgetting
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choosing to forget or to change our memories
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Repression
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make an unconscious decision to bury our anxiety-provoking memories and hide them from conscious awareness.
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Misinformation effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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Elizabeth Loftus' car accident experiment
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Changing how the question is asked can change the answers
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Hermann Ebbinghaus' retention curve
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Ebbinghaus found that it was easier to memorize nonsense syllables the second time around; some memory must have helped with his relearning of the syllables
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Flashbulb memories
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refer to emotionally intense events that become \"burned in\" as a vivid-seeming* memory. - Not as accurate as they feel
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Bodily arousal
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Sweat, pounding heart
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Expressive Behavior
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Yelling, Accelerating
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Conscious experience
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(thoughts, especially the labeling of the emotion) EX. What a bad driver! I am angry, even scared; better calm down.
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James-Lange theory
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Body before thoughts - emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli. - Our body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling: \"I'm angry.\" - EX. If something makes us smile, we may then feel happy.
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When you smile, the brain releases _________.
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serotonin.
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Cannon-Bard theory
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Body with thoughts - Simultaneous Body Response and Cognitive Experience - we have a conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding, not afterward.- Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them.
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Schachter - Singer two-factor theory
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Body plus thoughts/label - emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we are feeling.
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Spillover effect
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when arousal was caused by injections of what turned out to be adrenaline (epinephrine) -The subjects interpreted their agitation to whatever emotion the others in the room appeared to be feeling; the emotional label \"spilled over\" from others.
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Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus Theory
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Emotions body/brain without conscious thoughts - some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a \"low road\" through the brain, skipping conscious thought.
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Caroll Izard; 10 basic emotions?
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Contempt, Shame, guilt, joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear
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Autonomic Nervous system
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control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Triggers activity and changes in various organs
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Calms down the body
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_________are also more skilled at detecting emotions in others
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Women
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_________seem to have greater and more complex emotional expression.
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Women
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Facial feedback effect
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facial position and muscle changes can alter which emotion we feel.
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Does cognition always precede emotion?
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no
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Stress
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Refers to the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening to challenging.
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Stressors
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An event or condition which we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming
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Appraisal
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Refers to deciding whether to view something as a stressor- Choosing how to view a stressful situation.
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Catastrophic events
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Most people agree that the event is harmful and overwhelming
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Major life events/changes
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Even supposedly \"happy\" life changes, such as marriage, starting college or a new job, or the birth or adoption of a child, can bring increased challenge and stress.
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Chronic daily difficulties
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facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control
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What do women do in a response to stressor?
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\"tend and befriend\": nurture themselves and others, and bond together.
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Women ________ under stress.
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Become more empathetic
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The bonding hormone__________ may play a role in the tend-to-befriend process.
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oxytocin
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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our level of contentment does not permanently stay higher when we gain income and wealth; we keep adjusting our expectations.
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relative deprivation
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feeling worse off by comparing yourself to people who are doing better.
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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when in a good mood, we do more for others. - doing good feels good.
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Happiness
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a mood. an attitude. a social phenomenon. a cognitive filter. a way to stay hopeful, motivated, and connected to others.
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Aerobic Exercise
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refers to sustained activity that raises heart rate and oxygen consumption. triggers certain genes to produce proteins which guard against more than 20 chronic diseases and conditions. reduces the risk of heart disease, cognitive decline and dementia, and early death
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External locus of control
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we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate. - Lose motivation
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Internal locus of control
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we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances - We blame ourselves
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Pessimism
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refers to the assumption that negative outcomes will happen, and often facing them by complaining and/or giving up.
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including from pets,__________ provides a calming effect that reduces blood pressure and stress hormones.
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Social Support
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Adam Kramer's Experiment
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Levels of happiness, as well as other emotions, can vary over the course of a week (we like the weekend), and even over the course of a day (don't stay awake too long!).
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Problem-focused coping
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means reducing the stressors, such as by working out a conflict, or tackling a difficult project.
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Emotion-focused coping
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means reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others.
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Learned Helplessness
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Declining to help oneself after repeated attempts to do so have failed.
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Personal Control
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When people are given some choices (not too many), they thrive
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Stress & Heart Disease
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In coronary heart/artery disease, the blood vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself become clogged, narrowed, and closed.
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Type A Personality
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impatient, verbally aggressive, and always pushing themselves and others to achieve
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Type B Personality
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more relaxed and go with the flow.
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catharsis
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Screaming or punching in order to let stress out and released
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psychoneuroimmunology
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study of how interacting psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health.
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