question

The process of encoding refers to ___________

answer

getting information into memory

question

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among ___________

answer

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

question

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

answer

Implicit

question

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

answer

Echoic

question

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as_________

answer

The spacing effect

question

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between_________

answer

deep and shallow processing.

question

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

answer

Hippocampus

question

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing_______

answer

Flashbulb Memories

question

Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates___________.

answer

context-dependent memory.

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially_________

answer

rapid and subsequently slows down.

question

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates_____

answer

Motivated Forgetting

question

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word \"smashed\" in relation to the accident later recalled___________

answer

Broken glass at the scene of the accident.

question

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates_________

answer

Source amnesia

question

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that_______________

answer

it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories

question

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that__________

answer

adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

question

The basic components of emotion are_______

answer

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

question

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that________

answer

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

question

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the______

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

question

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that______________

answer

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.

question

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

answer

a cognitive label; physical arousal

question

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the__________

answer

Amygdala

question

Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by_____

answer

Carroll Izard

question

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

answer

Sympathetic

question

Maureen is an introvert, who prefers staying in and reading a good book. Her friend Paula is an extravert, who would much rather spend her time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and express emotions,

answer

Maureen is better at recognition and Paula is more expressive.

question

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

answer

Parasympathetic System

question

Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ________.

answer

Disgust; Joy

question

When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, ________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.

answer

Physically Abused

question

If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________.

answer

Male;male

question

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are___

answer

The same throughout the world.

question

Most participants reported feeling more happy than sad after rubberbands secured to the sides of their faces were stretched over the tops of their heads. Their reactions best illustrated ________

answer

The facial feedback effect

question

Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

answer

stressor; stress reaction

question

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger________

answer

a fight-or-flight reaction.

question

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are_______

answer

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

question

The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates_________

answer

the tend-and-befriend response

question

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called____

answer

psychoneuroimmunology

question

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

answer

Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president.

question

Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his_________

answer

Anger

question

To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates_________

answer

Problem-focused coping

question

Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack_______

answer

Perceived control

question

The perception that our fate is determined by chance events is most closely associated with _________

answer

An external locus of control

question

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in__________

answer

Self-control

question

Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active.

answer

More;healthier

question

Subjective well-being refers to_______

answer

Self-Perceived Happiness

question

People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.

answer

Subjective well-being

question

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?

answer

Having an active religious faith

question

Retrieval

answer

Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded.

question

Recall

answer

is similar to \"fill-in-the-blank\". You retrieve Information previously learned and unconsciously stored.

question

Recognition

answer

A form of \"multiple choice\". You identify which stimuli match your stored information.

question

Relearning

answer

A measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information before.

question

Encoding

answer

The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored

question

Storage

answer

The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved.

question

Memory

answer

the persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills.

question

Sensory memory

answer

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short-term or long-term memory.

question

Short-term memory:

answer

Some of this information is processed into this and encoded through rehearsal

question

Long-term memory

answer

Information then moves into this where it can be retrieved later. - Look more into

question

Working memory

answer

More goes on in short-term memory besides rehearsal; Trying to remember something for an exam or remember professors names - mentally echoing a term so we'll know it at a later time

question

Automatic Processing

answer

Some information seems to go straight from sensory experience into long term memory

question

Auditory rehearsal

answer

repeating a password to memorize it

question

Executive functions

answer

choosing what to attend to, respond to

question

Visospatial \"sketchpad\"

answer

rearranging room furniture in your mind

question

Explicit memory

answer

Frontal Lobes and the Hippocampus - include facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time you ate sushi or the name of your 1st boy/girl-friend

question

Effortful processing

answer

Studying, rehearsing, thinking about, and then storing information in long-term memory.

question

Automatic processing

answer

without our awareness that we are building a memory

question

Implicit memory

answer

the memories we are not fully aware of and thus don't \"declare\"/talk about. - Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia - include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations.

question

Echoic memory

answer

allows people to pretend or even convince themselves that they were paying attention when they merely had their ears operating. - 3-4 Second echo

question

Capacity of short-term memory?

answer

We can hold 7 +/-2 information bits (for example, a string of 5 to 9 letters) in this memory.

question

Working memory

answer

mentally echoing a term so we'll know it at a later time

question

Spacing effect

answer

You will develop better retention and recall, especially in the long run, if you use the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions.

question

Testing effect

answer

Henry Roediger (b. 1947) found that if your distributed practice includes testing (having to answer questions about the material), you will learn more and retain more than if you merely reread.

question

Shallow processing

answer

Memorizing the appearance or sound of words.

question

Memory storage

answer

implicit and explicit memory, hippocampus' and cerebellum's role in memory.

question

Priming

answer

Retrieval is affected by activation our association - This triggers a threat of association that brings us to a concept, just as a spider feels movement in a web and followed it to find the bug. - \" Invisible memory because it affects us consciously

question

Context-dependent memory

answer

Part of the web of associations of a memory is the context. - Remembering something only in a certain place

question

State-dependent memory

answer

Memories can also be tied to the emotional state we were in when we formed the memory.

question

Mood- congruent

answer

The tendency to selectively recall details that are consisted with one's current mood. - When you're happy, you recall happy events.

question

Serial position effect

answer

When learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)

question

Storage decay

answer

Material encoded into long term memory will decay if the memory is never used, recalled, and re-stored.

question

Retrieval failure

answer

We cannot access stored information accurately.

question

Retroactive interference

answer

when new stimuli/learning interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories. - Study before you go to bed! (1 hour)

question

Proactive interference

answer

occurs when past information interferes (in a forward-acting way) with learning new information.

question

What are the three ways we forget?

answer

Encoding Failure, Storage Decay, Retrieval Failure

question

Encoding Failure

answer

Don't properly put something in memory - Aren't paying attention

question

Motivated forgetting

answer

choosing to forget or to change our memories

question

Repression

answer

make an unconscious decision to bury our anxiety-provoking memories and hide them from conscious awareness.

question

Misinformation effect

answer

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

question

Elizabeth Loftus' car accident experiment

answer

Changing how the question is asked can change the answers

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus' retention curve

answer

Ebbinghaus found that it was easier to memorize nonsense syllables the second time around; some memory must have helped with his relearning of the syllables

question

Flashbulb memories

answer

refer to emotionally intense events that become \"burned in\" as a vivid-seeming* memory. - Not as accurate as they feel

question

Bodily arousal

answer

Sweat, pounding heart

question

Expressive Behavior

answer

Yelling, Accelerating

question

Conscious experience

answer

(thoughts, especially the labeling of the emotion) EX. What a bad driver! I am angry, even scared; better calm down.

question

James-Lange theory

answer

Body before thoughts - emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli. - Our body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling: \"I'm angry.\" - EX. If something makes us smile, we may then feel happy.

question

When you smile, the brain releases _________.

answer

serotonin.

question

Cannon-Bard theory

answer

Body with thoughts - Simultaneous Body Response and Cognitive Experience - we have a conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding, not afterward.- Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them.

question

Schachter - Singer two-factor theory

answer

Body plus thoughts/label - emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we are feeling.

question

Spillover effect

answer

when arousal was caused by injections of what turned out to be adrenaline (epinephrine) -The subjects interpreted their agitation to whatever emotion the others in the room appeared to be feeling; the emotional label \"spilled over\" from others.

question

Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus Theory

answer

Emotions body/brain without conscious thoughts - some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a \"low road\" through the brain, skipping conscious thought.

question

Caroll Izard; 10 basic emotions?

answer

Contempt, Shame, guilt, joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear

question

Autonomic Nervous system

answer

control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

question

Sympathetic Nervous System

answer

Triggers activity and changes in various organs

question

Parasympathetic Nervous System

answer

Calms down the body

question

_________are also more skilled at detecting emotions in others

answer

Women

question

_________seem to have greater and more complex emotional expression.

answer

Women

question

Facial feedback effect

answer

facial position and muscle changes can alter which emotion we feel.

question

Does cognition always precede emotion?

answer

no

question

Stress

answer

Refers to the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening to challenging.

question

Stressors

answer

An event or condition which we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming

question

Appraisal

answer

Refers to deciding whether to view something as a stressor- Choosing how to view a stressful situation.

question

Catastrophic events

answer

Most people agree that the event is harmful and overwhelming

question

Major life events/changes

answer

Even supposedly \"happy\" life changes, such as marriage, starting college or a new job, or the birth or adoption of a child, can bring increased challenge and stress.

question

Chronic daily difficulties

answer

facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control

question

What do women do in a response to stressor?

answer

\"tend and befriend\": nurture themselves and others, and bond together.

question

Women ________ under stress.

answer

Become more empathetic

question

The bonding hormone__________ may play a role in the tend-to-befriend process.

answer

oxytocin

question

adaptation-level phenomenon

answer

our level of contentment does not permanently stay higher when we gain income and wealth; we keep adjusting our expectations.

question

relative deprivation

answer

feeling worse off by comparing yourself to people who are doing better.

question

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

answer

when in a good mood, we do more for others. - doing good feels good.

question

Happiness

answer

a mood. an attitude. a social phenomenon. a cognitive filter. a way to stay hopeful, motivated, and connected to others.

question

Aerobic Exercise

answer

refers to sustained activity that raises heart rate and oxygen consumption. triggers certain genes to produce proteins which guard against more than 20 chronic diseases and conditions. reduces the risk of heart disease, cognitive decline and dementia, and early death

question

External locus of control

answer

we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate. - Lose motivation

question

Internal locus of control

answer

we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances - We blame ourselves

question

Pessimism

answer

refers to the assumption that negative outcomes will happen, and often facing them by complaining and/or giving up.

question

including from pets,__________ provides a calming effect that reduces blood pressure and stress hormones.

answer

Social Support

question

Adam Kramer's Experiment

answer

Levels of happiness, as well as other emotions, can vary over the course of a week (we like the weekend), and even over the course of a day (don't stay awake too long!).

question

Problem-focused coping

answer

means reducing the stressors, such as by working out a conflict, or tackling a difficult project.

question

Emotion-focused coping

answer

means reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others.

question

Learned Helplessness

answer

Declining to help oneself after repeated attempts to do so have failed.

question

Personal Control

answer

When people are given some choices (not too many), they thrive

question

Stress & Heart Disease

answer

In coronary heart/artery disease, the blood vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself become clogged, narrowed, and closed.

question

Type A Personality

answer

impatient, verbally aggressive, and always pushing themselves and others to achieve

question

Type B Personality

answer

more relaxed and go with the flow.

question

catharsis

answer

Screaming or punching in order to let stress out and released

question

psychoneuroimmunology

answer

study of how interacting psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health.

Psyc – Test 4

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