PSYC EXAM 3 (Ch. 15) – Flashcards
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Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating: A. the invincibility fable. B. the personal fable. C. self-awareness. D. deductive reasoning.
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A
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The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents': A. constant posing and posturing before mirrors. B. false belief that everyone is constantly attending to their behavior and appearance. C. ability to understand how others perceive them. D. belief that others spy on them.
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B
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Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as: A. concrete reasoning. B. top-down reasoning. C. inductive reasoning. D. theoretical reasoning.
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C
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Middle school typically includes grades: A. five to seven. B. four to six. C. six to eight. D. seven to nine.
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C
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Research has suggested that two distinct pathways for thinking exist in the brain: one processes emotional thought while the other processes analytic thought. These two pathways make up the: A. bifurcated processor. B. split brain. C. dual-process model. D. neural duplet.
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C
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Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating: A. implicit judgment. B. her belief in an imaginary audience. C. a volatile mismatch. D. an invincibility fable.
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B
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Deductive reasoning is also referred to as: A. top-down reasoning. B. concrete reasoning. C. theoretical reasoning. D. reductive reasoning.
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A
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Researchers found that most adolescents felt close to God and that they: A. did not believe in heaven and hell. B. were in religious cults. C. expressed their commitment to religion through devil worship. D. affirmed the same religion as their parents.
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D
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A characteristic of adolescent egocentrism is: A. the belief that all people think the same thoughts. B. the controlling of the id and the superego by the ego. C. an attempt to live up to the standards of society. D. the belief that one's emotional experiences are misunderstood by others.
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D
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Brian has met three girls who tell him that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love Titanic. Brian has just used: A. adolescent egocentrism. B. deductive reasoning. C. hypothetical reasoning. D. inductive reasoning.
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D
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When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n): A. abstract audience. B. imaginary audience. C. personal identity. D. personal fable.
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B
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Developmentalists agree that adolescents learn best with: A. many exciting changes in their lives. B. few changes in their lives. C. positive changes in their lives. D. changes that they initiate in their lives.
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B
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Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence: A. concrete operational thinking. B. the game of thinking. C. metacognition. D. formal operational thought.
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D
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The difference between the egocentrism of adolescents and that of preoperational children is: A. preoperational children believe that they have an imaginary audience that includes imaginary friends. B. negligible. C. a well-developed theory of mind in adolescence. D. a focus on others by preoperational children and a focus on self by adolescents.
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C
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As adolescents gain experience in making decisions and thinking things through, they: A. no longer use deductive reasoning. B. become better at knowing when analysis is needed. C. always think like scientists. D. become better at intuitive thinking.
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B
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Identify the true statement about adolescents' analytic and intuitive thought pathways. A. Intuitive thought is better than analytic thought. B. They may coexist and cause conflict in thinking. C. They generally agree. D. Analytic thought is better than intuitive thought.
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B
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Large high schools are economical, and they: A. focus more on student sports than on student learning. B. focus on student engagement in learning. C. do not increase student learning. D. increase student learning.
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C
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Adolescents apply formal logic: A. in some situations but not in others. B. in very few situations. C. in all situations. D. only when encouraged to do so.
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A
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The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes has the effect of: A. improving student grades. B. supporting development. C. creating a developmental mismatch. D. increasing student collaboration.
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C
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What is the name of the theorist who coined the terms personal fable and invincibility fable? A. Elkind B. Skinner C. Kohlberg D. Erikson
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A
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One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the ability to: A. use practical problem-solving skills. B. reject adult thoughts and values. C. take another person's point of view. D. think in terms of possibilities.
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D
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a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
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Adolescent egocentrism
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an aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.
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Personal fable
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an adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.
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Invincibility fable
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the other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.
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Imaginary audience
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in Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts.
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Formal operational thought
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reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality.
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Hypothetical thought
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reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. (Also called top-down reasoning).
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Deductive reasoning
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reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion. (Also called bottom-up reasoning).
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Inductive reasoning
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the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli.
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Dual-process model
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thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond traditional explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.
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Intuitive thought
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thought that results from analysis, such as systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.
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Analytic thought
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the mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered (a "sunk cost," in economic terms) has already been invested in some endeavor, then more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal. Because of this fallacy, people spend money trying to fix a "lemon" of a car or send more troops to fight a losing battle.
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Sunk cost fallacy
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a common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic (called the base rate) in making a decision. For example, a person might bet a "lucky" lottery number without considering the odds that that number will be selected.
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Base rate neglect
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literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation.
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Secondary education
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a school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. ___________ usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.
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Middle school
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bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of e-mails, text messages, or cell phone videos.
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Cyberbullying
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an addictive form of self-mutilation that is more prevalent among adolescent girls and that correlates with depression and drug abuse.
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Cutting
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an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, it is a _________________.
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High-stakes test
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an international test taken by 15-year olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.
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PISA (Program for International Student Assessment)
