question

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease:

answer

Can be treated using L-DOPA

question

______ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

answer

Psychopharmacology

question

_____ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body

answer

Pharmacokinetics

question

The fastest way for a drug to reach a site of action in the brain is via the _____ administration route

answer

Intravenous

question

The _______ route requires caution because this route is most likely to result in accidental overdose

answer

Intravenous

question

The ______ route of drug administration is commonly used to treat small laboratory animals with a drug

answer

Intraperitoneal

question

Medicines are most commonly given to humans via the ______ route

answer

Oral

question

Administration of a dug via _____ is used when oral consumption of a drug might produce nausea and vomiting.

answer

A rectal suppository

question

Which term below refers to sniffing a drug so as to absorb the drug through the nasal mucosa?

answer

Insufflation

question

The rate at which a drug reaches active sits in the brain is determines mostly by its degree of

answer

Lipid solubility

question

The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the

answer

Kidneys

question

Which of the following is true of drug effects?

answer

Drugs vary widely in their efectiveness

question

The effective does 50 (ED50) value for drug A is 2.0 mg/kg while its lethal dose 50 (LD50) value is 8 mg/kg. Which of the following is true of Drug A?

answer

Drug A has a therapeutic index of 4.0

question

The ______ is a measure of the safety of a drug

answer

Therapeutic index

question

_____ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a receptor

answer

Affinity

question

Which of the following is true of the relation between drug affinity and drug effects

answer

A drug with high affinity for a receptor will exert an effect at a low dose

question

Repeated administration of a constant drug dose typically produces ______, which is defined as a(n)________ effect of the drug

answer

tolerance;reduced

question

_____ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration

answer

Sensitization

question

______ refers to a pleasurable drug feeling that is "easy to bear"

answer

Euphoria

question

Withdrawal from heroin results in _____, which involves a feeling of anxious misery

answer

Dysphoria

question

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism that would result in drug tolerance?

answer

A reduced number of tissue drug receptors

question

A(n) ______ is an innocuous substance that has no specific physiological effect.

answer

Placebo

question

Drugs that block or inhibit postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

answer

Antagonists

question

Drugs that facilitate postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

answer

Agonists

question

Injecting an animal with a dose of a chemical molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

answer

Increase the rate of the synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter

question

Blockage of _______ would be expected to decrease the levels of transmitters within the vesicles

answer

Vesicular transporters

question

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and prevents the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

answer

Indirect antagonist

question

Administration of a drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter, and facilitates the opening of the ion channels would be termed a(n)

answer

Indirect agonist

question

Administration of a drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)

answer

Direct antagonist

question

Direct agonist is to direct antagonist as

answer

Endogenous opioid is to naloxone

question

Stimulation of a presynaptic autoreceptor

answer

Reduces the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

question

A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor

answer

Increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

question

Administration of a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in the brain would be expected to

answer

increase the amount if acetylcholine in the synapse

question

A general mechanism by which postsynaptic potentials are terminated involves

answer

reuptake of the neurotransmitter molecule into the axon through a membrane transporter

question

The axons of most sensory neurons release the neurotansmitter

answer

Glutamate

question

Which of the following is true of ACh?

answer

Learning is facilitated by ACh activity in the basal forebrain

question

Which neurotransmitter acts to facilitate learning?

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter. A.) Acetylcholine; facilitates of learning B.) Dopamine; Suppress certain species-typical behaviors C.) Norepinephrine; facilitates of learning D.) Serotonin; increases vigilance E.) GABA; generally activates voluntary movements

answer

A

question

______ is the primary efferent neurotransmitter secreted by efferent axons of the CNS

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Damage to which cholinergic system would be expected to impair leanring?

answer

Basal forebrain ACh system

question

Which of the following neuron systems that use ACh has been related to the control of REM sleep?

answer

dorsolateral pons ACh system

question

_______ is the enzyme that accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule, thereby producing acetylcholine

answer

Choline acetyltransferase

question

Which pair of drugs below are known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively) the release of ACh?

answer

Black widow spider venom; botulinum toxin

question

Botox injections smooth the skin of the face by

answer

Blocking the activity of muscles in the face

question

The muscle weakness associated with myasthenia gravis reflects

answer

loss of ACh receptors on skeletal muscles

question

The primary means by which the postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated is via

answer

Enzymatic destruction by acetylcholinesterase

question

Nicotine receptors are found in _____ in the periphery and in ______ in the brain

answer

Muscle fibers; Axoaxonic synapses

question

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

answer

Atropin;curare

question

_____ causes pupil dilation by blocking ______ receptors

answer

Atropine; Muscarinic

question

________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine

answer

Tyrosine

question

Which neurotransmitter activates voluntary movements and reinforces behavior?

answer

Dopamine

question

Damage to which dopaminergic (DA) system would be expected to produced muscle tremors, limb rigidity, and difficulty in movement control?

answer

Nigrostriatal DA system

question

Parkinson's disese involves the degeneration of neurons within the _____ DA system

answer

Nigrostriatal

question

Which of the following would be expected to result from administration of reserpine?

answer

The person would be expected to have lower blood pressure

question

Which of the following is true of dopamine receptors?

answer

Dopamine receptors are metabotropic

question

A drug such as amphetamine, which causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse, would

answer

Spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft

question

Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase would be expected to

answer

Increase dopamine levels within neurons

question

Schizophrenia is treated with drugs that block a subtype of the _____ receptor

answer

Dopamine

question

Two conditions associated with abnormal brain dopamine levels are

answer

Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

question

Deprenyl may delay the progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease because this drug

answer

Inhibits monoamine oxidase-B

question

The final synthesis step for norepinephrine requires the presence of _______

answer

Dopamine

question

Which of the pairs below are synonymous?

answer

Epinephrine and adrenalin

question

Which neurotransmitter acts to promote vigilance?

answer

Norepinephrine

question

The autoreceptor for norepinephrine in the brain is of the _______ adrenergic receptor subtype

answer

α2

question

Serotonin is synthesized from

answer

Tryptophan

question

drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat

answer

Depression

question

Many of the axons that use serotonin as a transmitter originate from the

answer

Dorsal raphe nucleus

question

The drug _____ releases serotonin and has ben used to treat _____

answer

Fluoxetine; depression

question

Which of the following neurochemical effects may contribute to the capacity of ecstacy (MDMA) to produce hallucinogenic effects in users?

answer

MDMA blocks serotonin reuptake and causes serotonin transporters to run in reverse

question

Which of the following represents a problem for the hypothesis that amino acids can function as neurotransmitters?

answer

Amino acids are localized within neurons

question

The significance attached to glutamate, GABA, and glycine is that these are

answer

The most common neurotransmitters in the CNS

question

Which pair of transmitter substances is most involved in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain?

answer

glutamate; GABA

question

The hallucinogenic drug PCP (phencyclidine)

answer

is an indirect antagonist of the NMDA receptor

question

Which of the following is true of NMDA receptors?

answer

Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions into the nerve cell

question

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from

answer

Glutamic acid

question

Withdrawal from _____ can result in seizures due to the loss of inhibitory action on _____ receptors

answer

Alcohol; NMDA

question

Which of the following is true of GABA?

answer

The inhibitory effects of GABA stabilize brain electrical activity

question

The GABA receptor is a(n) _______ receptor that conrols a ______ channel

answer

Ionotropic; chloride

question

Match the drug with its correct action on GABA function

answer

Picrotoxin; indirect antagonist of the GABAa receptor

question

Match the drug with its correct action onGABA function

answer

Muscimol; direct agonist at the GABAz receptor

question

Which of the following is true of glycine?

answer

The glycine receptor is ionotropic

question

Which of the following is an agonist at the glycine receptor?

answer

Glycine

question

A key difference between neuropeptides and monoamine neurotransmitters is that neuropeptides

answer

Are not terminated by reuptake into axon terminals

question

The term "opioid" refers to ______, while the term "opiates" refers to _____

answer

Endogenous chemicals; exogenous drugs

question

Which of the following is true of opioid systems and effects?

answer

Naloxone is opioid receptor antagonist

question

Imagine that you are suffering from severe pain and that you have the opportunity to request a drug to alleviate the pain. Which of the following drugs should you ask for?

answer

An opiate that produces analgesia at low doses

question

A person who is admitted to a hospital emergency room with an opiate overdose is likely to be treated with

answer

Nalozone

question

Which of the following is characteristic of cannabinoid receptors?

answer

Receptor activation by THC reduces nausea and vomitting

question

Caffeine produces excitatory effects via

answer

blockade of adenosine receptors

question

A key stimulus for the release of adenosine from brain cells is

answer

An energy/oxygen deficit in cells

question

Nitric oxide:

answer

Stimulates blood vessels that produce penile erections

question

Treatment with a drug that inhibits MAO may slow down progression of Parkinson's disease because

answer

MAO may metabolize environmental chemicals into toxins that damage dopamine neurons

question

True or False? Injections for a rat are most commonly given via the intraperitoneal route

answer

True

question

True or False? Physicians must use caution when prescribing a drug that has a large therapeutic index

answer

False

question

True or False? A drug that releases a transmitter substance is called an antagonist for the synapse

answer

False

question

True or False? The term "direct antagonist" is synonymous with "receptor blocker"

answer

True

question

True or False? A drug that blocks or slows reuptake of a transmitter substance is termed an antagonist

answer

False

question

True or False? Glutamate is the universal transmitter by which sensory organs transmit information to the brain

answer

False

question

True or False? REM sleep is controlled by cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain

answer

False

question

True or False? Learning is facilitated by ACh activity in the basal forebrain

answer

False

question

True or False? Black widow spider venom releases ACh from neurons

answer

True

question

True or False? Acetylcholine is inactivated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

answer

True

question

True or False? Myasthenia gravis involves decreased release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction

answer

False

question

True or False? The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of norepinephrine

answer

True

question

True or False? Amphetamine is used to treat Parkinson's disease

answer

False

question

True or False? Noradrenaergilc synapses in the CNS are of the metabotropic type

answer

True

question

True or False? Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

answer

True

question

True or False? Benzodiazepines and alcohol increase the effectiveness of GABA receptors

answer

True

question

True or False? Glycine is the primary inhibitory transmitter in the brain stem and spinal cord?

answer

True

question

True or False? Neuropeptides are removed from the synapse by membrane transporters

answer

False

question

True or False? THC interferes with concentration and memory and can distort our sense of time

answer

True

question

True or False? Caffeine acts by blocking adenosine receptors

answer

True

question

The standard drug treatment for angina pectoris involves ______ administration of _______

answer

Sublingual; nitroglycerine

question

The key problem noted in Balint's syndrome is

answer

difficulty in visual perception

question

Which of the following is true of the experimental ablation technique?

answer

The technique involves destroying brain tissue and then observing subsequent behavior

question

One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

answer

Experimental ablation

question

The key rationale for lesion studies is that

answer

The change in behavior that follows a brain lesion can give important clues about a function of an ablated brain area

question

The key difference between function and behavior is that circuits within the brain perform

answer

A function that contributes to a behavior

question

Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior

answer

No one circuit is solely responsible for a behavior

question

A lesion technique that is selective for cell bodies in brain tissue involves

answer

Overstimulation of glutamate receptors by kainic acid

question

Imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusion would be appropriate?

answer

The changes in eating noted in the first study may be due to damage to axon fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus

question

Which of the following techniques created a brain lesion by overstimulating neurons to death?

answer

Infusions of an excitatory amino acid into a brain region

question

Infusion of _____ into brain tissue overstimulates _______, therby ablating cell bodies

answer

Kainic acid; glutamate receptors

question

A key advantage of ______ lesions is that they affect neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region

answer

Excitotoxic

question

An experimenter wishes to determine the effect of a radio frequency lesion placed in the lateral hypothalamus on emotional behavior in the rat. In order to be able to attribute any changes in emotional behavior to the lesion, this experiment will require a(n)

answer

Sham lesion control group

question

A temporary disruption of neural activity in a local brain region can be produced

answer

Using an injection of muscimol into the region

question

A key advantage of a reversible brain lesion is that

answer

Each animal can serve a its own control

question

The _____ is a device that holds an animal's head fixed in space and that can be used to implant and electrode or cannula into brain

answer

Stereotaxic apparatus

question

_____ is a skull landmark which also serves as a reference point for the stereotaxic surgery

answer

Bregma

question

The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe

answer

The location of a brain structure in three planes relative to bregma

question

In surgery that uses the stereotaxic instrument

answer

The head holder is designed to fix the skull in rigid position

question

Stereotaxically guided lesions in humans have been used to treat

answer

Parkinson's disease

question

After death _____ enzymes have the effect of ______ brain tissue

answer

Autolytic; dissolving

question

______ is the histological procedure in which a brain is placed in a formalin solution to halt autolysis and decomposition

answer

Fixation

question

Formalin is useful in histology because it

answer

Halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissues after death

question

Which of the following does not belong with the other four? A.) Producing a lesion within the brain B.) Visual examination of a stained section C.) Cutting the brain D.) Staining the brain E.) Fixation of the brain

answer

A.) Producing a lesion within the brain

question

A ______ is an instrument used to slice the brain into thin pieces that can be preserved on a glass slide

answer

Microtome

question

A thin slice of brain tissue created by a microtome is often referred to as a brain

answer

Section

question

The fine details of neuron structure in a brain section can be revealed by

answer

Immersing the tissue in a stain that dyes neuron components

question

The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies that are dyed by certain stains are collectively referred to as

answer

Nissl Substance

question

Dyes such as cresyl violet are useful for staining

answer

Cell bodies

question

The most commonly used stain for identifying nuclear masses in brain sections is

answer

Cresyl violet

question

Which of the following is a problem for the use of a microscope in the examination of brain tissue?

answer

A light microscope cannot resolve fine synaptic details such as synaptic vesicles

question

Which of the following is true of the use of microscopes in histology

answer

A scanning electron miscroscope shows three-dimensional

question

Which of the following techniques would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region to other brain regions?

answer

An anterograde labeling method

question

The most commonly used method for tracing efferent axons connections involves the infusion of ______ into a brain region

answer

PHA-L

question

A common use of PHA-L, a lectin found within kidney beans, is to

answer

Localize the target of neural efferents

question

Which of the following is true of the anterograde labeling procedure?

answer

The target molecule is transported from the axon terminals back to the soma and dendrites

question

Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibiotics for

answer

A peptide or protein molecule

question

Which labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites or cell bodies and subsequently transported through axons toward terminal buttons?

answer

Anterograde

question

______ are produced by white blood cells to destroy invading microorganisms in the body

answer

Antibodies

question

Which labeling method identifies the inputs to a brain region

answer

A retrograde labeling method

question

Which chemical is used to trace afferent axons

answer

Fluorogold

question

Efferent is to afferent as

answer

PHA-L is to fluorogold

question

The pseudorabies virus is useful

answer

for the tracing of serial synaptic connections

question

Study of the function of the living human brain is difficult because

answer

Researchers have to wait for the natural death of a brain-damaged human to verify to location of the brain damage

question

The first technique used to visualize a living human brain was that of

answer

Computerized tomography

question

The ______ technique uses X-rays to generate an image of the living human brain

answer

Computerized tomography scanning

question

Light microscope images are to electron microscope images as

answer

CT scans are to MRI scans

question

Which of the following is true of MRI scans?

answer

MRI Scans show greater spatial resolution than do CT scans

question

Which technique uses a radio-frequency wave to excite hydrogen atoms in the brain to generate an image of the living human brain?

answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

question

The _____ procedure allows for the labeling of ______ in the living human brain

answer

Diffusion tensor imaging; bundles of axons

question

Which of the following is true of acute recording studies of rat brain electrical activity?

answer

Such studies are done under anesthesia

question

Single-unit recordings

answer

Indicate that serotonergic neuron activity is silent during REM sleep

question

A(n) ______ might be used to record the electrical activity of a single nerve cell in an animal brain

answer

Microelectrode

question

The source of the electrical potentials recorded from the scalp of a subject is

answer

The summated activity of nerve cell action potentials and postsynaptic potentials

question

Macroelectrodes implanted into human brains are most commonly used

answer

to located spiking brain tissue in epileptic patients

question

The firing rates of _____ neurons and of ______ neurons fall to zero during REM sleep

answer

noradrenergic; serotonergic

question

A(n) ______ involves a motor that drives long paper sheets under a set of ink pens..

answer

polygraph

question

The _______ is a device that takes advantage of the changing magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the brain to produce a record of neural activity in the awake brain

answer

Neuromagnetometer

question

EEG recordings are useful for

answer

the diagnosis of epilepsy

question

Which technique takes advantage of the requirement of glucose for more fuel?

answer

2-DG autoradiography

question

The metabolic activity of a specific region of the living rat rain can be revealed by

answer

Measurement of Fos protein concentration

question

Which technique uses photographic emulsions to record the activity of discrete cells in the brain?

answer

2-DG autoradiography

question

Measurements of the relative activity of immediate early genes is useful in that

answer

The presence of an early gene product in the cell nucleus is a marker of neuron activation

question

_____ is an immediate early gene product that is increased during neural ______

answer

Fos; activation

question

Which of he following is true of the fMRI technique?

answer

fMRI scans have a better spatial resolution than do PET scans

question

The primary disadvantage of the PET scan technique relates to

answer

The opening cost of the scanner

question

A key advantage of the fMRI technique is that the method can

answer

record the neural activity of particular brain regions

question

The _____ is an example of a functional imaging technique

answer

fMRI scan

question

A major advantage of the PET scan method is that

answer

PET scans can localize any radioactive substance

question

Which of the following procedures can be used to activate neurons?

answer

Chemical stimulation using glutamate

question

A major advantage of chemical stimulation using glutamate infusion is that

answer

It activates cell bodies but not axons

question

Kainic acid is neurotoxin as well as an activator of neurons because

answer

At high doses it overexcites and then kills neurons

question

Which of the following is true of the interaction of magnetic fields and brain function? A.) Neuronal activity results in magnetic field changes B.) Sensors can detect magnetic fields in the brain C.) Magnetic fields can be used to inactivate neuronal activity D.) The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation are similar to those of direct electrical stimulation of exposed brain tissue E.) All of the above are correct

answer

E.)

question

The _____ technique takes advantage of the fact that a particular _____ can open voltage-gated ion channels

answer

Optogenetic; light

question

A transmitter such as acetylcholine can be localized in the brain by

answer

Detecting the enzyme that produces acetylcholine

question

A drug that inhibits _____ would be expected to _______

answer

Acetylcholinesterase; produce hallucianations

question

Peptides or proteins can be localized in brain using

answer

Immunocytochemistry

question

Which of the following methods can be used to detect a certain class of receptors in the brain?

answer

Immunocytochemistry

question

A key advantage of the microdialysis technique is that

answer

It offers the ability to sample transmitter substances in a living, conscious organism

question

Damage to dopanine neurons in the human brain can be detected using

answer

PET scans of radioactive L-DOPA concentrations in the basal ganglia

question

Twins that share a particular trait are said to be ______ for the trait

answer

Concordant

question

Which of the following have identical genotypes?

answer

Monozygotic twins

question

Which of the following is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to a behavior?

answer

Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate than do dizygotic twins

question

Which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior

answer

Adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait

question

Targeted mutations involve

answer

Manipulating genes to impair the production of a protein

question

A(n) _______ refers to one of several forms of a gene

answer

allele

question

True or False? Ablation is the oldest neuroscience procedure

answer

True

question

True or False? Circuits within the brain perform behavior, not functions

answer

False

question

True or False? Interpretation of lesion studies is complicated because brain regions are often interconnected

answer

True

question

True or False? Lesions produced by kainic acid spare fibers of passage

answer

True

question

True or False? Fixatives such as formalin are used to stop autolysis in brain tissue

answer

True

question

True or False? Cresyl violet is a stain used to identify axon terminals in the brain

answer

False

question

True or False? A scanning electron microscope shows better resolution than does an electron microscope

answer

False

question

True or False? PHA-L (phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin) is a flurescent dye

answer

False

question

True or False? Fluorogold is used in the retrograde tracing procedure

answer

True

question

True or False? MRI scans provide more detailed pictures than those obtained by CT scanner

answer

True

question

True or False? Autoradiography and 2-DG injections are used to measure the relative metabolic activity of different brain regions

answer

True

question

True or False? An increased number of neurons that stain for Fos would be taken to mean that the brain region containing these cells has undergone neuron activation

answer

True

question

True or False? Large doses of excitotoxic chemicals kill neurons by stimulating them to death, whereas lower doses stimulate neuron without killing them

answer

False

question

True or False? Activation is to inhibition as glutamate is to transcranial magnetic stimulation

answer

True

question

True or False? Acetylcholine can be localized in brain using immunocytochemical method

answer

False

question

True or False? Microdialysis is used to measure the brain's secretions

answer

True

question

True or False? Fraternal twins have identical genotypes

answer

False

question

True or False? Identical twins share 100 percent of their genes whereas fraternal twins share, on average, about 50 percent of their genes

answer

True

PSYC 4034 EXAM TWO – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards