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Psychological Disorders:

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persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions

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Types of Psychological Disorders:

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1. Anxiety disorders - generalized, panic, phobias 2. Mood disorders - major depression, bipolar 3. Schizophrenia 4. Personality and Dissociative disorders

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"test anxiety"

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not a real disorder (according to DSM) BUT specific phobia is

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Demonic model

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Middle Ages evil spirits infesting the body - treatment included exorcism, caged like animals, being beaten and burned

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Medical model

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Renaissance treatments included bloodletting and snake pits - people were housed in asylums

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Syphilis

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first physical problem causing psychological disorder

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1955: first antipsychotic drugs

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caused a decline in psychiatric inpatients 1950: thorazine developed

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Neruosis

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distress/anxiety but no delusions/hallucinations

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Psychosis

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losing touch with reality; delusions/hallucination - thorazine helped reduce symptoms (schizophrenia)

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

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- utilizes prevalence of mental disorders and assesses patients along with multiple axes (dimensions of functioning) - describes ~300 disorders

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"Autism Epidemic" (1993-2003)

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result of changes in diagnostic criteria from DSM-III (1980) to DSM-IV (1994)

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Although some psychological disorders are culture-bound, others are universal. For example, in every known culture some people have: A. bulimia nervosa. B. anorexia nervosa. C. schizophrenia. D. susto.

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C. schizophrenia.

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Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel-park her car. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psycho- logical disorder?

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No. Anna's behavior is unusual, causes her distress, and may make her a few minutes late on occasion, but it does not appear to significantly disrupt her ability to function. Like most of us, Anna demonstrates some unusual behaviors that are not disabling or dysfunctional, and, thus, do not suggest a psychological disorder.

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A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the _____ model.

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medical

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Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the _____ approach. A. medical B. evil spirits C. biopsychosocial D. diagnostic labels

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C. biopsychosocial

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Most psychologists and psychiatrists have used _______ to classify psychological disorders. A. the DSM-IV-TR B. in-depth patient histories C. input from patients' family and friends D. the theories of Pinel, Rosenhan, and others

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A. the DSM-IV-TR

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One study found that psychologists using DSM-IV agreed on a diagnosis for more than 80 percent of patients.The DSM-IV's reliability stems in part from its reliance on: A. structured-interview procedures. B. in-depth patient histories. C. input from patients' family and friends. D. the theories of Pinel, Freud, and others.

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A. structured-interview procedures.

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Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a ________.

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phobia

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An episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is called A. a specific phobia. B. compulsion. C. a panic attack D. an obsessive fear

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C. a panic attack

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Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having ______ - ______ disorder

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obsessive-compulsive

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Obsession

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persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, cause marked distress (e.g., contamination, aggression)

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Compulsion

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repetitive behaviors or mental acts preformed to reduce or prevent stress (e.g., repeated checking)

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The learning perspective proposes that phobias are A. the result of individual genetic makeup. B. a way of repressing unacceptable impulses. C. conditioned fears. D. a symptom of having been abused as a child.

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C. conditioned fears.

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Two disorders are found worldwide. One is schizophrenia, and the other is ________.

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depression

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Although bipolar disorder is as maladaptive as depression, it is much less common and it affects: A. more women than men. B. more men than women. C. women and men equally. D. primarily scientists and doctors.

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C. women and men equally.

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The rate of depression is ________ (increasing/decreasing) among young people.

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increasing

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Depression can often be alleviated by drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ______ and _______.

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norepineprhine; serotonin

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Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the _______ - _______ perspective.

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social-cognitive

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A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience: A. catatonia. B. delusions. C. withdrawal. D. flat emotion.

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B. delusions.

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People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self- destruction, an example of a(n) __________.

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hallucinations

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Victor exclaimed,"The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It's hot one day and freezing the next!" Is this an accu- rate comparison? Why or why not?

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No. Schizophrenia involves the altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of a mind split from reality. It does not involve rapid changes in mood or identity, as suggested by this comparison.

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Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when A. onset is sudden, in response to stress. B. deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood. C. no environmental causes can be identified. D. there is a detectable brain abnormality.

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A. onset is sudden, in response to stress.

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Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because A. dissociation is actually quite rare. B. it was reported frequently in the 1920s but rarely today. C. it is almost never reported outside North America. D. its symptoms are nearly identical to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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C. it is almost never reported outside North America.

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Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa? A. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. B. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges. C. Bulimia patients often come from middle-class families that are competitive, high achieving, and protective. D. If one twin is diagnosed with bulimia, the chances of the other twin's sharing the disorder are greater if they are fraternal rather than identical twins.

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B. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.

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A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by A. depression. B. hallucinations. C. enduring and inflexible behavior patterns that impair social functioning. D. an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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C. enduring and inflexible behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

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PET scans of murderers' brains have revealed A. higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes. B. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes. C. more frontal lobe tissue than normal. D. no differences in brain structures or activity.

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B. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.

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One predictor of psychiatric disorder that crosses ethnic and gender lines is ________.

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poverty

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The symptoms of _______ appear around age 10; ______ tends to appear later, around age 25. A. schizophrenia; bipolar disorder B. bipolar disorder; schizophrenia C. major depression; phobias D. phobias; major depression

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D. phobias; major depression

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What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?

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Therapists and others use disorder labels to communicate with one another in a common language, and to share concepts during research. Insurance companies require a diagnosis (a label) before they will pay for therapy. The danger of labeling people is that they will begin to act as they have been labeled, and also that labels can create expectations that will change our behavior toward the people we label.

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Generalized anxiety

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unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal

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If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a(n):

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phobia

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Anxiety accompanied by recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, and insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

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post-traumatic stress

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Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a(n) _______ disorder.

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panic

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3 perspectives of anxiety

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1. conditioning 2. cognition 3. biology

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What biological factors contribute to anxiety disorders?

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inherited temperament differences; trauma-altered fear pathways in the brain; and outdated, inherited responses that had survival value for our distant ancestors.

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Subtypes of Schizophrenia

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- paranoid: delusions and hallucinations - disorganized: speech or behavior - catatonic: inability to move - undifferentiated: many and varied symptoms - residual: withdrawal

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Explanation for Schizophrenia

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- disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind - brain abnormalities: dopamine overactivity - maternal virus in 2nd trimester

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Delusions

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false beliefs

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Hallucinations

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false perceptions

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A person with schizophrenia who has ________ (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. These symptoms are most common with ________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy.

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negative; chronic negative/false symptoms - the absence of appropriate behaviors chronic: social withdrawal - catatonia: rub arm, rock char, remain motionless - flat affects: emotionless

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A person with schizophrenia who has ________ (positive/negative) symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with ________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia, which is much more likely to respond to drug therapy.

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positive; acute acute: reaction to stress positive = additional symptoms

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What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?

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Biological factors include abnormalities in brain structure and function, prenatal exposure to a maternal virus, and genetic factors. However, schizophrenia is more likely to develop given a high-risk environment.

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DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) formerly - multiple personality disorder

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- DID has not been found in other countries - critics' arguments: 1. role-playing by people open to therapist's suggestion 2. learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety

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How do the explanations of dissociative identity disorder differ from psychodynamic and learning perspectives?

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The psychodynamic explanation of DID symptoms is that they are defenses against anxiety generated by unacceptable urges. The learning perspective attempts to explain these symptoms as behaviors that have been reinforced by relieving anxiety in the past.

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major categories for personality disorders:

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odd, eccentric cluster: - paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster: - histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial (psychopath/sociopath), borderline anxious, fearful cluster: - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-cumpulsive personality

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Eating disorders

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1. Anorexia nervosa 2. Bulimia nervosa 3. Binge-eating disorder

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How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?

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Twin and adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with this disorder are at increased risk for antisocial behavior. Negative environmental factors, such as poverty or childhood abuse, may channel genetic traits such as fearlessness in more dangerous directions—toward aggression and away from social responsibility.

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What is the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders?

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Poverty-related stresses can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus, poverty and disorder are often a chicken-and-egg situation, and it's hard to know which came first

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OCD

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Jeffrey Schwartz (biochemical problem) - attempts to change brain Steps: 1. Relabel: "my hands aren't dirty - it's my obsession." 2. Reattribute: "it's not me - it's my OCD." 3. Refocus: work around OCD by shifting attention 4. Revalue: OCD - not medical problem

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anti-anxiety drugs:

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depress CNS

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Major Depressive Disorder

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- "common cold" of psychological disorders - leading cause of suicide - occurs when at least five signs of depression last two or more weeks - #1 reason people seek mental health services at some point during their lifetime

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Signs of Major Depressive Disorder:

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1. lethargy and fatigue 2. feelings of worthlessness 3. loss of interest in family & friends 4. loss of interest in activities others: insomnia, weight loss/gain, inability to concentrate

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To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder:

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***requires either: depressed mood most of day OR markedly reduced interest in activities (don't need both BUT need one or the other)

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

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alternation between depression and mania depressive symptoms: gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought manic symptoms: elation, euphoria, desire for action, hyperactive, multiple ideas

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Postpartum psychosis

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very rare Andrea Yates - drowned her 5 kids in the bathtub

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Hypomania

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- mild mania characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood - feature of 2 mood disorders: bipolar disorder and cyclothymia (alternates between mild mania and mild depression for two years)

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Suicide

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- most severe form of behavioral response to depression - more women attempt, more men commit - ***higher risk of suicide attempts immediately after beginning antidepressants due to increased energy

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Mood Disorders: biological perspective

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- run in families (35-40%) - reduced frontal lobe activity during depression - norepinephrine and serotonins (neurotransmitters) : decrease during depression

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Mood Disorders: social-cognitive perspective

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suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles

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Schizophrenia

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- most debilitating disorder - translation: "split mind" = split from reality - disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions (auditory), inappropriate emotions and actions, inability to filter out irrelevant info - Schizophrenia does NOT mean split personality

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Schizophrenia: Diathesis-stress model

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genetic vulnerability (a diathesis) + stressor = mental disorder

PSYC 107 Ch. 14 – Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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