Question 1

Activity in the anterior cingulate cortex fluctuates regularly during tasks that involve ____.

Accepted Answer

motivation, attention, and deciding among several alternatives

Question 2

A person with moderate intellectual disability ____.

Accepted Answer

may complete a second-grade curriculum by the age of 18

Question 3

Which of the following is true about dyslexia?

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is strongly influenced by genetic factors.

Question 4

Understanding a problem should ____.

Accepted Answer

should include data collection, analysis, and organization

Question 5

Good decision making is ____.

Accepted Answer

a skill that can be taught

Question 6

Eddie has been a homicide detective in a small city for several years and he is good at his job. He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases. Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Eddie finds that when he reads through a file, a detail will leap out at him as peculiar to the flow of events, which then helps to focus the direction of the investigation.

Question 7

According to a report on endangered languages, what percentage of the world\'s spoken languages may soon be lost?

Accepted Answer

nearly half

Question 8

Which group is most likely to use visual images in their thought processes?

Accepted Answer

young children

Question 9

Place the following conditions in order from the least difficulty to the most difficulty in terms of the ability to learn language.

Accepted Answer

Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, mutation in FOXP-2 gene

Question 10

Which event occurring around 100,000 years ago possibly marked the start of modern language as we know it (Corballis, 2004)?

Accepted Answer

A critical gene mutation in the FOXP-2 gene

Question 11

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge is called ____.

Accepted Answer

crystallized intelligence

Question 12

In which of the following ways does a typical child first learn language?

Accepted Answer

Evan seems to learn words and form small sentences effortlessly with no specific instruction.

Question 13

The loss of the ability to speak or understand language is called ____.

Accepted Answer

aphasia

Question 14

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex, such as that suffered by Phineas Gage, reliably produces ____.

Accepted Answer

impulsivity and poor judgment

Question 15

Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of a person with Wernicke\'s aphasia?

Accepted Answer

Dan, who speaks rapidly, fluently, and with good grammar, but rarely makes sense

Question 16

Leena\'s and Ruth\'s mother takes them to see a dermatologist for their acne. The dermatologist, Dr. Pore, sees each daughter separately but prescribes the same medication for both. Dr. Pore tells Leena the medication has a 75% effectiveness rate. She tells Ruth the medication has a 25% failure rate. Leena leaves the appointment more optimistic than Ruth. This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

a framing effect

Question 17

The recognition heuristic ____.

Accepted Answer

has been shown to beat other, more conventional means of selecting stocks

Question 18

Dolores, a college freshman, has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city, but is also anxious about what she read recently about street crime in one of the city\'s neighborhoods. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation?

Accepted Answer

availability heuristic

Question 19

an analysis of over 500 contemporary languages has demonstrated that the number of speech sounds in a language decreases systematically ____.

Accepted Answer

with the culture\'s distance from Africa along migration routes

Question 20

Which of the following is true about algorithms

Accepted Answer

Algorithms may be inefficient when used by a human brain.

Question 21

Which of the following is the best example of problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Roy is worried about his persistent sore throat. He does research on the Internet and decides to contact his doctor.

Question 22

the primary intention of an IQ test is to predict ____.

Accepted Answer

a school performance

Question 23

Betty has been a saver all of her life, but recently, she became a gambler. She is considering betting all of her savings in a lottery in hopes of making enough money for an around-the-world cruise. Betty may have suffered damage to her ____.

Accepted Answer

amygdala

Question 24

What is the best definition of a \"problem\"?

Accepted Answer

A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles

Question 25

Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have a part of the brain that is ____.

Accepted Answer

analogous to the human Broca\'s area

Question 26

Human beings produce over 500 different phonemes, of which the English language uses ____.

Accepted Answer

about 45

Question 27

Marie\'s roommate suggests that she use a Gantt chart in preparation for the race. This is because the Gantt chart will ____.

Accepted Answer

provide a way to break plans into manageable pieces and schedule the time needed for each piece

Question 28

Marie feels that she has never been athletic and therefore, could not possibly run in a charity race with her friends in the spring, though she would like to become more physically active to address her weight gain. This reflects ____.

Accepted Answer

a limited sense of self-efficacy

Question 29

Marie completed the race but needed to walk for the last mile. What would be the next step for her as an effective problem solving strategy?

Accepted Answer

Evaluate whether the original problem has been solved.

Question 30

Marvin tries to describe a sailboat as an average of all sailboats in terms of length, width, height of mast, materials, color, etc. This is called a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

prototype

Question 31

Katie loved baking brownies with her grandmother during her holiday visits. In fact, she still makes these brownies using the exact same steps as her grandmother. What is this called?

Accepted Answer

An algorithm

Question 32

The affected area of the brain in Wernicke\'s aphasia is ____.

Accepted Answer

in the temporal lobe, near the primary auditory cortex

Question 33

Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of Paul Broca\'s research subject Leborgne?

Accepted Answer

Diego speaks very slowly and with much effort, but his speech generally makes sense.

Question 34

the availability heuristic is a rule of thumb in which ____.

Accepted Answer

the frequency of an event\'s occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind

Question 35

Of the following, who best demonstrates social or emotional intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Jimmy, who is five years old and able to resist eating one marshmallow long enough to be rewarded with two

Question 36

Intellectual disability is a condition diagnosed in individuals with IQ scores below 70 and ____.

Accepted Answer

poor adaptive behaviors

Question 37

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Exemplars provide a better way of thinking about the variability of a category than prototypes.

Question 38

The causal factors for mild intellectual disability are ____

Accepted Answer

preventable environmental causes

Question 39

The heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ tests is usually reported to be about .75, which means that ____.

Accepted Answer

75% of the variance in intelligence observed in the population can be attributed to genetics

Question 40

Studies on patients with brain damage suggest that our brains have been shaped through natural selection. The vast majority of these patients who have specific deficits in processing categories perform differently from control participants in one domain: ____.

Accepted Answer

animals versus nonliving things

Question 41

Standard measures of intelligence are positively correlated with ____.

Accepted Answer

the thickness of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

Question 42

American Sign Language is ____.

Accepted Answer

processed primarily by the left hemisphere, similar to other languages

Question 43

The recognition heuristic ____.

Accepted Answer

has been shown to beat other, more conventional means of selecting stocks

Question 44

The most critical element for Marie to successfully implement her solution is to ____.

Accepted Answer

approach it with careful planning

Question 45

Which of the following is true about algorithms?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms may be inefficient when used by a human brain.

Question 46

Behaviorists, including B. F. Skinner, argued that children learn language through ____.

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 47

Who is most likely to be enjoying a lifetime peak in both fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Chris, who is a stock trader and has just celebrated his thirtieth birthday

Question 48

Which of the following is true of mental images?

Accepted Answer

People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in or out, and identify their features.

Question 49

People with very high maximizer scores tend to be ____.

Accepted Answer

less happy and more prone to depression

Question 50

How is the term cognition, derived from the Latin word cognito, described in your text?

Accepted Answer

A group of internal mental processes, including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Question 51

Selena\'s parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for preschool admissions. Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100. This is her ____.

Accepted Answer

intelligence quotient

Question 52

Wes is always looking for the ultimate in everything: the best burger, the best movie, the best smartphone, etc. He likes to think that he holds himself to similar high standards. According to research studies, Wes would be considered a ____.

Accepted Answer

maximizer

Question 53

Many scholars, including linguists Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker, believe that human beings ____.

Accepted Answer

have an inborn capacity for learning language

Question 54

Yves is called on in class to define the representativeness heuristic. He answers that \"it is a rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to an exemplar are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar.\" Which part of his definition is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

similar to an exemplar

Question 55

Concept formation is ____.

Accepted Answer

not uniquely human

Question 56

The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge is called ____.

Accepted Answer

fluid intelligence

Question 57

Language has been defined as a system for communicating thoughts and feelings using ____.

Accepted Answer

arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols

Question 58

Careful formulation of a problem may help to avoid distractions from ____.

Accepted Answer

irrelevant information

Question 59

What is the most important element when generating possible solutions to a problem?

Accepted Answer

time

Question 60

A possible barrier to successful problem solving, in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form, is called ____.

Accepted Answer

functional fixedness

Question 61

What are the four steps of problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Understand the problem, make a plan, carry out the plan, and look back to evaluate progress.

Question 62

A heuristic is a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

shortcut to problem solving, also known as a \"rule of thumb\"

Question 63

Ella is four years old and expanding her schema regarding dogs. The dog that she knows the best is her neighbor\'s golden retriever, Gus. She was recently told by her neighbor that dogs like to roll in grass with distinctive, or \"smelly,\" odors. Under what circumstances is she most likely to extend that fact to all dogs?

Accepted Answer

she hears her uncle describe his dog Bob rolling around with a dead fish, but has not yet met Bob.

Question 64

According to Benjamin Lee Whorf\'s hypothesis of linguistic relativity, what affects a person\'s ability to think about a topic?

Accepted Answer

Having a rich vocabulary on the topic

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