question

With a truncated range, the researcher

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may obtain a very low correlation

question

Which of the following represents an example of a truncated range?

answer

Admissions committees often restrict comparison of SAT scores to those between 500 and 800.

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Which of the following conclusions can be reached given a Pearson"s r of -.9 between two variables?

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The value along one variable decreases with increases along the other variable.

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An advantage of experimentation over descriptive and relational methods is that experiments

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have greater internal validity

question

Probably the most common problem associated with relational research is that

answer

it does not prove causation.

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Which correlation coefficient reflects the strongest relationship between variables AND meets the following condition: an increase in the value along one variable reflects an increase in the value along the other variable?

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+1

question

Teenage sex has been shown to be more frequent following exposure to sexual content on television. However, sensation seeking behaviors also have been shown to predict teenage sex. In this description sensation seeking can most accurately be labeled as a ____.

answer

covariate

question

Which of the following represents a limitation (i.e., a threat to internal validity) for any correlational study of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer?

answer

Smoking incidence could be confounded with other variables that might increase susceptibility to cancer.

question

Which conditions below should be expected to produce the lowest correlation coefficient due to a truncated range?

answer

studying the relationship between memory and age for seniors in assisted living situations

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Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?

answer

height increases as weight decreases

question

The typical correlation coefficient varies from

answer

-10.0 to +10.0

question

In the absence of additional information, it is likely that the failure to find a correlation between height and another variable for a sample of professional basketball players indicates

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the reliance on a truncated range

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Which interpretation of a zero correlation is appropriate?

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The range of values was too small to show a meaningful relationship between variables.

question

Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?

answer

weight decreases as height decreases

question

Most evidence from studies examining demand characteristics show that ____ is the most important source of reactivity

answer

apprehensive-participant role

question

In the research on decompression of pregnant rats, the independent variable was ____ , a dependent variable was ____ , and a control variable was ____ .

answer

reduced air pressure; behavioral tests; strain of rat

question

Assume that your instructor wants to evaluate the potential effects of the amount of caffeine intake on performance in a motor coordination task (playing pinball). Following a specified dose of caffeine, individual scores on pinball are measured. Each participant plays pinball at the same time of day. Also, each participant has been matched for initial skill level at pinball. The independent variable in this study is ____.

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dose level

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A floor effect occurs when

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the lowest possible score on the dependent variable is too high

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If you conducted a study on the effects of magnitude of food reward on maze learning in rats, you would probably make sure that your rats were food deprived several hours before each experimental session. You would do this

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to ensure a strong independent variable

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An experimental group or condition

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receives the level of interest of the independent variable

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Reasons for doing an experiment with more than one independent variable include

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they are more efficient than doing separate experiments

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According to Mill"s joint method of agreement and difference

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X never happens in the absence of A

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The control group in an experiment

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is often untreated

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The Hawthorne effect is an example of

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reactivity in an experiment

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An interaction occurs when

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the effect one independent variable is not the same at each level of a second independent variable

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One reason a valid experiment may produce null results is

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the range of levels in the independent variable was insufficient to show an effect

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In the original Pepsi/Coke challenge,

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labels and colas were confounded

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A participant who responds honestly on each trial even if he/she knows the major hypothesis of the experiment could be described as a(n) '____' subject.

answer

faithful

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Participants who simulated hypnosis

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engaged in dangerous acts more readily than hypnotized people

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The 'independence' of the independent variable means that it is free from

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influences from the participant

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An experimental group or condition

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receives the level of interest of the independent variable

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In experiments, independent variables are

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varied by the researcher

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A source of construct invalidity is

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random error

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According to Weber"s law

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DI/I = K

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Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale of measurement?

answer

class standing (i.e., are you a freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior?)

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A major problem with self-report methods is that they

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can"t be verified very easily

question

validity permits one to

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have confidence in constructs

question

A major threat to internal validity is

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confounding

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Test reliability determined by a correlation between scores from the same test taken at two different times is called

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test-retest reliability

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As compared to psychophysical scales, psychometric ones

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are not as precisely defined on the input side

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which is the most appropriate test or precaution to maximize construct validity?

answer

operationally define all variables

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Which of the following scale properties is possessed by telephone area codes?

answer

differences

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Which of the following is an example of stratified random sampling?

answer

matching the percentages of males/females to the general population

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Which of the following is likeliest to have the greatest internal validity?

answer

experiments

question

Of the following dimensions, ____ is the only one that can be measured using psychometric scaling procedures, but not psychophysical scaling procedures.

answer

happiness

question

Construct validity permits one to

answer

have confidence in constructs

question

Internal validity allows one to

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attribute causality

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Of the following, which is the most appropriate test or precaution to maximize construct validity?

answer

operationally define all variables

question

A major problem with self-report methods is that they

answer

can"t be verified very easily

question

Statistical reliability determines whether results

answer

occur because of chance

question

Your sadistic instructor has decided to administer a second exam (don"t worry, this is only hypothetical). This second exam is of similar format and covers the same material as the original exam. However, different questions are used in order to minimize the effects of practice. If everyone obtained the same score on both exams, the tests would provide a good measure of ____.

answer

parallel forms reliability

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A replication of research helps to determine ____ validity.

answer

external

question

Random sampling means that each member of a particular population

answer

has an equal chance of being selected

question

The type of validity that is specifically concerned with being able to make causal statements about relationships between variables is ____ validity.

answer

internal

question

Let us assume that you decided to compare the procedures and results from the many studies of the Stroop phenomenon in the hope of resolving arguments in the literature regarding the cause of interference effects. This can most accurately be described as an example of which type of observational study?

answer

meta-analysis

question

An experimenter can legitimately say that one person is twice as anxious as another if anxiety is measured on

answer

a ratio scale

question

In a summated rating scale, the respondent

answer

agrees or disagrees to a number of statements

question

If a study has external validity, one is entitled to

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generalize

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Psychophysical methods were formalized by

answer

Fechner

question

Test reliability determined by a correlation between scores from two parts of a test is called ____ reliability

answer

split-half

question

The absolute threshold is

answer

operationally defined

question

The "independence" of the independent variable means that it is free from

answer

Influences from the participant

question

Control variables are

answer

potential independent variables that are held constant

question

A variable that inadvertently causes an experimental result is

answer

Confounded with the independent variable

question

A participant in Asch's classic experiment on the discrimination of line length incorrectly responds that one line is longer than another just because he/she saw that several other people gave the same response. This individual could be described as an "----" subject

answer

Apprehensive

question

Of the following, which is the best option to reduce the impact of reactivity on the independent variable?

answer

Use Deception

question

the amount of reactivity in experiments can be directly measured by?

answer

Conducting simulated experiments or asking participants how they might react to the independent variable

question

the scale property that distinguishes an ordinal scale from a nominal scale is

answer

Magnitudes

question

Which statement about matching along subject is true?

answer

Matching one one variable may cause a mismatch on another variable

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