psy 260 – Flashcard Test Questions

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During an EPSP (excititory postsynaptic potential)
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soudium enters cell
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During an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
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potassium leaves the cell
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What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse?
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Calcium
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Stimulating a receptor in the membrane that open potassium channels
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causes hyperpolarization
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Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ___and are transmitted to the ___.
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soma;terminal buttons
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The first demonstration of neurotransmitters
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was shown by Otto Loewi using frog hearts
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The contents of a SYNAPTIC VESICLE include
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neurotransmitters
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How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?
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a&b (diffusion and enzymatic degradation)
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The catecholamines (NE,DA, & E) are synthesized from which amino acid
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Tryosine
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The cell body of neurons that release serotonin are located in the
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Raphe
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Drugs of Reward usually act to release ___ in the ___.
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dopamine; nucleus accumbens
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Cell bodies of neurons that release acetylcholine in the cortex are located in the
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Nucleus Basalis
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A neurons own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic auto-receptors..
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inhibits the release or synthesis of that transmitter
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Serotonin has been related to
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Depression
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A second messenger system can:
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a & c (alter ion flow through membrane channels and initiate the production of new proteins)
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What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL CORD
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GABA
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Repeated stimulation of neuron may cause
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all the above (sensitization, habituation, associative behaviors)
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The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by
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otto loewi
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Morphine inhibits pain awareness by
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Blocking MAO actions
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Nitric oxide is involved in which drug action
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Viagra
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Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesized from the amino acid, TRYOSINE
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Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Epinephrine (all of the above)
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_____ is the transmitter that slows down heart rate and activates skeletal muscles
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Acetylcholine
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___ is a neurotransmitter that is involved in memory
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Acetylcholine
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Opioids peptides include which of the following
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Enekephalins
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Which mechanism related to the stimulation if an action potential DOESN'T belong
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Chloride channels open
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Which of the following drugs would likely cause the most damage with chronic, high user over many years?
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Alcohol
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Cholinergic refers to which neurotransmitter?
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Acetylcholine
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____ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration
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tolerance
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Which od the following is true of drug sensitization?
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C& D; less common than tolerance, repeated admin. may cause tolerance in one system and sensitization in another system.
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Serotonin is synthesized from____ which is derived from ____.
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tryptophan; ingested nutrients
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Gamma-aninobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from
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glutamic acid
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Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis os a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to
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increase the rate of the synthesis of that neurotransmitter
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Which of the following is true of opioid neurons?
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All of the above are correct.
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Nitric oxide..
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All of the above are correct
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Anandamide is
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all of the above
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Which of the following would be expected of CB1 receptors
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Memory impairment results from the effects of the THC on the hippocampal CB1 receptor
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Activation of cannabinoid receptors
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All of the above (THC reduced nausea, results in analgesia, induced by ingestion of THC, stimulates appetite)
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Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the relese of serotonin are used theraputically to treat
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all of the above (anxiety, OCD, depression, obesity)
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Which of the following is true of GABA in the brain
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an excess of GABA may result in epilepsy
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Dopamine release in the ___ occurs when a stimulates is rewarding
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Nucleus accumbens
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Cell bodies that synthesize SEROTONIN are located in the ___where as those that synthesize norepinephrine are located in the ___.
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Raphe; Locus coecruleus
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Morphine actions at the opioid receptor cause which of the following
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inhibition of calcium influx
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Based on the discussion in class which of the following drugs poses the largest health threat following chronic use for many years
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alcohol
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Peak blood levels of cocaine were found at 100 ng. Thirty minutes later they were 75ng and 60 minutes later 62.5ng and 120 minutes later was 50ng. whats the half life?
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120 minutes
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The GABA-A receptor has a seperate and distinct sites on the receptor molecule that can bind to which of the following
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valium and alcohol
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Excitotoxicity is meditated by over stimulation exerted by which neurotransmitter
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glutamate
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Chronic marijuana use in adolescents
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can cause long term problems with attention and memory after drug use stops
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Which of the following are monoamines?
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all of the above
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Which of the following never changes with regard to an action potential?
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Threshold
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___refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior
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psychopharmacology
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A key characteristic of a drug as defined in the text is that it
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is an exogenous chemical
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___refers to a process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body
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pharmacokinetics
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the ___ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain
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intravenous
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the___ route of drug administration is commonly used for small animals such as a rat
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intraperitoneal
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the ___ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood brain barrier
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intracerebroventricular
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an alteration of the physical properties of a drug that ___ would be expected to slow the onset of an action of that drug
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all of the above (increase lipid solubility, decrease water solubility, decrease metabolism of drug, increase depot binding)
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the ____ is the measure of the safety of a drug
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therapeutic index
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___ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action
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affinity
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which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?
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more caution is required for a drug with a LOW therapeutic index
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one mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is
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a reduced number of receptors for the drug
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an ___ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects
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antagonist
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activation of a presynaptic auto-receptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that
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releases more transmitter
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a drug that blocks a presynaptic auto receptor will most likely
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increase the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
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the two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are
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glutamate ; GABA
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Which of the following is true of acetylcholine
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all of the above
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a drug that blocks acetylcholine in the brain would be expected to
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increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine
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an ionotropic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is
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rapid and short in duration
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the amino acid ))) is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine
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tyrosine
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degeneration of neurons within the ___ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease
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nigrostriatal
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abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with
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schizophrenia and Parkinsons disease
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Which of the pairs belong together
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A &C are correct
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one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is
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experimental ablation
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Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior
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the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure which in turn alters behavior
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infusion of ___ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation
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kainic acid
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imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio frequency lesion was used to damafe the lateral hypothalamus of a rat.....what conclusions would be appropriate?
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the changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus.
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molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ___ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons.
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antibodies
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an __ allows an experimenter to determine weather a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect.
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sham-lesion control group
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___ is a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery
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Bregma
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which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI technique
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the fMRI scan has a higher resolution to the PET scan
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the surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed a
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stereotaxic apparatus
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the three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe
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anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral- and medal-lateral coordinates
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___is considered to be a histological method
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All the above
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the____ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination
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microtome
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of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ____ most intensely
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cell bodies
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the RNA, DNA and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as
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nissl substance
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which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope
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nucleus
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the functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique measures change in ___ to image brain metabolic activity
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blood oxygen levels
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which term means 'moving forward'
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anterograde
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the___ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region
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anterograde labeling method
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the key use of PHA-L a lectin made by kidney beans in neuroscience is to
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label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport
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which of these does not rely on destruction of brain tissue to be effective
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cooling
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the ___ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons
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anterograde
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imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the pareventricular nucleus project to the prefrontal cortex to control eating behavior... to confirm inject PHA-L into the _____ and confirm its transport to the ___.
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PVN; PFC
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the chemical ____ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons
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fluorogold
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the usefulness of pseudorabies virus for historical analyses is
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for the tracing of serial synaptic connections
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of these techniques for visualizing living human brain, the first developed was
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computerized tomography
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the technique of ___ takes advantage of the fact that ___ can alter voltage gated channels in neurons
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photostimulation; light
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the ___ technique is used to visualize axon bundles in living human brain
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diffusor tension imaging
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the ___procedure used magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity
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transcranial magnetic stimulation
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peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using
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immunocytochemistry
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microdialysis is not done in humans for research purposes owing to
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ethical problems because the procedure is invasive
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the ___ method uses radioactive DNA probe bound to complementary RNA to localize neurochemicals in brain
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autoradiography
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Which of the following techniques are not used to detect receptors in the brain
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in situ hybridization
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twins that share a particular trait are__ for that trait
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concordant
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which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior
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adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait
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in the ___ technique, a modified strand of RNA and DNA binds with the specific molecules of mRNA thereby preventing the protien encoded by the mRNA from being produced
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antisense oligonucleotide
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