question

During an EPSP (excititory postsynaptic potential)

answer

soudium enters cell

question

During an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

answer

potassium leaves the cell

question

What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse?

answer

Calcium

question

Stimulating a receptor in the membrane that open potassium channels

answer

causes hyperpolarization

question

Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ___and are transmitted to the ___.

answer

soma;terminal buttons

question

The first demonstration of neurotransmitters

answer

was shown by Otto Loewi using frog hearts

question

The contents of a SYNAPTIC VESICLE include

answer

neurotransmitters

question

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

answer

a&b (diffusion and enzymatic degradation)

question

The catecholamines (NE,DA, & E) are synthesized from which amino acid

answer

Tryosine

question

The cell body of neurons that release serotonin are located in the

answer

Raphe

question

Drugs of Reward usually act to release ___ in the ___.

answer

dopamine; nucleus accumbens

question

Cell bodies of neurons that release acetylcholine in the cortex are located in the

answer

Nucleus Basalis

question

A neurons own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic auto-receptors..

answer

inhibits the release or synthesis of that transmitter

question

Serotonin has been related to

answer

Depression

question

A second messenger system can:

answer

a & c (alter ion flow through membrane channels and initiate the production of new proteins)

question

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL CORD

answer

GABA

question

Repeated stimulation of neuron may cause

answer

all the above (sensitization, habituation, associative behaviors)

question

The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by

answer

otto loewi

question

Morphine inhibits pain awareness by

answer

Blocking MAO actions

question

Nitric oxide is involved in which drug action

answer

Viagra

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesized from the amino acid, TRYOSINE

answer

Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Epinephrine (all of the above)

question

_____ is the transmitter that slows down heart rate and activates skeletal muscles

answer

Acetylcholine

question

___ is a neurotransmitter that is involved in memory

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Opioids peptides include which of the following

answer

Enekephalins

question

Which mechanism related to the stimulation if an action potential DOESN'T belong

answer

Chloride channels open

question

Which of the following drugs would likely cause the most damage with chronic, high user over many years?

answer

Alcohol

question

Cholinergic refers to which neurotransmitter?

answer

Acetylcholine

question

____ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration

answer

tolerance

question

Which od the following is true of drug sensitization?

answer

C& D; less common than tolerance, repeated admin. may cause tolerance in one system and sensitization in another system.

question

Serotonin is synthesized from____ which is derived from ____.

answer

tryptophan; ingested nutrients

question

Gamma-aninobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from

answer

glutamic acid

question

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis os a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

answer

increase the rate of the synthesis of that neurotransmitter

question

Which of the following is true of opioid neurons?

answer

All of the above are correct.

question

Nitric oxide..

answer

All of the above are correct

question

Anandamide is

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following would be expected of CB1 receptors

answer

Memory impairment results from the effects of the THC on the hippocampal CB1 receptor

question

Activation of cannabinoid receptors

answer

All of the above (THC reduced nausea, results in analgesia, induced by ingestion of THC, stimulates appetite)

question

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the relese of serotonin are used theraputically to treat

answer

all of the above (anxiety, OCD, depression, obesity)

question

Which of the following is true of GABA in the brain

answer

an excess of GABA may result in epilepsy

question

Dopamine release in the ___ occurs when a stimulates is rewarding

answer

Nucleus accumbens

question

Cell bodies that synthesize SEROTONIN are located in the ___where as those that synthesize norepinephrine are located in the ___.

answer

Raphe; Locus coecruleus

question

Morphine actions at the opioid receptor cause which of the following

answer

inhibition of calcium influx

question

Based on the discussion in class which of the following drugs poses the largest health threat following chronic use for many years

answer

alcohol

question

Peak blood levels of cocaine were found at 100 ng. Thirty minutes later they were 75ng and 60 minutes later 62.5ng and 120 minutes later was 50ng. whats the half life?

answer

120 minutes

question

The GABA-A receptor has a seperate and distinct sites on the receptor molecule that can bind to which of the following

answer

valium and alcohol

question

Excitotoxicity is meditated by over stimulation exerted by which neurotransmitter

answer

glutamate

question

Chronic marijuana use in adolescents

answer

can cause long term problems with attention and memory after drug use stops

question

Which of the following are monoamines?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following never changes with regard to an action potential?

answer

Threshold

question

___refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

answer

psychopharmacology

question

A key characteristic of a drug as defined in the text is that it

answer

is an exogenous chemical

question

___refers to a process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body

answer

pharmacokinetics

question

the ___ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain

answer

intravenous

question

the___ route of drug administration is commonly used for small animals such as a rat

answer

intraperitoneal

question

the ___ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood brain barrier

answer

intracerebroventricular

question

an alteration of the physical properties of a drug that ___ would be expected to slow the onset of an action of that drug

answer

all of the above (increase lipid solubility, decrease water solubility, decrease metabolism of drug, increase depot binding)

question

the ____ is the measure of the safety of a drug

answer

therapeutic index

question

___ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action

answer

affinity

question

which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?

answer

more caution is required for a drug with a LOW therapeutic index

question

one mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is

answer

a reduced number of receptors for the drug

question

an ___ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects

answer

antagonist

question

activation of a presynaptic auto-receptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

answer

releases more transmitter

question

a drug that blocks a presynaptic auto receptor will most likely

answer

increase the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

question

the two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are

answer

glutamate ; GABA

question

Which of the following is true of acetylcholine

answer

all of the above

question

a drug that blocks acetylcholine in the brain would be expected to

answer

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine

question

an ionotropic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is

answer

rapid and short in duration

question

the amino acid ))) is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine

answer

tyrosine

question

degeneration of neurons within the ___ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease

answer

nigrostriatal

question

abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with

answer

schizophrenia and Parkinsons disease

question

Which of the pairs belong together

answer

A &C are correct

question

one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

answer

experimental ablation

question

Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior

answer

the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure which in turn alters behavior

question

infusion of ___ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation

answer

kainic acid

question

imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio frequency lesion was used to damafe the lateral hypothalamus of a rat.....what conclusions would be appropriate?

answer

the changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus.

question

molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ___ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons.

answer

antibodies

question

an __ allows an experimenter to determine weather a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect.

answer

sham-lesion control group

question

___ is a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery

answer

Bregma

question

which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI technique

answer

the fMRI scan has a higher resolution to the PET scan

question

the surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed a

answer

stereotaxic apparatus

question

the three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe

answer

anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral- and medal-lateral coordinates

question

___is considered to be a histological method

answer

All the above

question

the____ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination

answer

microtome

question

of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ____ most intensely

answer

cell bodies

question

the RNA, DNA and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as

answer

nissl substance

question

which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope

answer

nucleus

question

the functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique measures change in ___ to image brain metabolic activity

answer

blood oxygen levels

question

which term means 'moving forward'

answer

anterograde

question

the___ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region

answer

anterograde labeling method

question

the key use of PHA-L a lectin made by kidney beans in neuroscience is to

answer

label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport

question

which of these does not rely on destruction of brain tissue to be effective

answer

cooling

question

the ___ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons

answer

anterograde

question

imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the pareventricular nucleus project to the prefrontal cortex to control eating behavior... to confirm inject PHA-L into the _____ and confirm its transport to the ___.

answer

PVN; PFC

question

the chemical ____ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons

answer

fluorogold

question

the usefulness of pseudorabies virus for historical analyses is

answer

for the tracing of serial synaptic connections

question

of these techniques for visualizing living human brain, the first developed was

answer

computerized tomography

question

the technique of ___ takes advantage of the fact that ___ can alter voltage gated channels in neurons

answer

photostimulation; light

question

the ___ technique is used to visualize axon bundles in living human brain

answer

diffusor tension imaging

question

the ___procedure used magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity

answer

transcranial magnetic stimulation

question

peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using

answer

immunocytochemistry

question

microdialysis is not done in humans for research purposes owing to

answer

ethical problems because the procedure is invasive

question

the ___ method uses radioactive DNA probe bound to complementary RNA to localize neurochemicals in brain

answer

autoradiography

question

Which of the following techniques are not used to detect receptors in the brain

answer

in situ hybridization

question

twins that share a particular trait are__ for that trait

answer

concordant

question

which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior

answer

adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait

question

in the ___ technique, a modified strand of RNA and DNA binds with the specific molecules of mRNA thereby preventing the protien encoded by the mRNA from being produced

answer

antisense oligonucleotide

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