question

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior

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punishment by removal

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After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an acitve dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed

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stimulus generalization

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Three-year-old Ellie sees her big brother go across the monkey bars. Ellie tries to do the monkey bars but her arms are not strong enough to hang or long enough to reach the next bar. According to Bandura, Ellie is lacking which element of observational learning?

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imitation

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_____ is an example of punishment by removal

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grounding a teenager

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A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

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operant conditioning

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Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

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conditioned emotional response

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A typical use of applied behavior analysis is

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treating children with disorders such as autism

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if your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of

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a variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

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Extinction

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unconditioned stimulus

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A naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

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Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will

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imitate many of violent actions they witnessed on TV

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In Tolman's study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, then

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began to solve the maze immediately

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Further studies that followed Kohler's work with chimps

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have found support for the concept of animal insight

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In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

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learned the maze by wandering around in it forming a cognitive map

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This scientist conducted research to establigh the theory known as cognitive perspective

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Robert Resorla

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Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs

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Digestive systems

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In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they've learned, and that change remains even if the behavior doesn't.

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relatively permanent

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_____ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

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vicarious conditioning

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following a response with the removal of something unpleasant, that also results in an increase in the likelihood of a response, is called

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negative reinforcement

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Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

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maturation

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Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

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Martin Seligman

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Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning? a. memory b. perception c. flattery d. mastery

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memory

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Aggression in children is ____ violence on TV

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positively correlated with

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Thorndike developed the ___, which said, in part, that if an is followed by a pleasureable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

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law of effect

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In operant conditioning, ____ is the key to learning

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reinforcement

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learning to make an involuntary reflex to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

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classical conditioning

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a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary reflex

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned response (UCR)

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stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

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neutral stimulus

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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

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conditioned response (CR)

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any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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learning

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Basic principles of classical conditioning:

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1. CS must be before UCS 2. CS and UCS must be close together in time 3. neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times

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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original CS with the CR ex: anxiety from dentist drill = anxiety when hear coffee bean grinder

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stimulus generalization

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tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS because the similar stimulus is never paired with the UCS ex. stopping associating drill with grinder

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stimulus discrimination

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the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

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spontaneous recovery

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occurs when a strong CS is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral to become a second CS

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higher order conditioning

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emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as the fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

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conditioned emotional response (CER)

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development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because the taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

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conditioned taste aversion

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referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only on or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

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biological preparedness

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original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the UCS by being paired closely together

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stimulus substitution

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modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the CS provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the UCS

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cognitive perspective

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the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

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operant conditioning

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law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

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law of effect

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any behavior that is voluntary

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operant

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any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

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reinforcement

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any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

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primary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

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secondary reinforcer

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the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

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positive reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or aviodance of an unpleasant stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

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partial reinforcement effect

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any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response

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discriminative stimulus

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the reinforcement of a simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior

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shaping

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the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

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learned helplessness

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learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

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observational learning

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