question

Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, supermotivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as: A) ulcer-prone personalities. B) cancer-prone personalities. C) Type A. D) Type B.

answer

C) Type A.

question

Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal? A) somatic nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

answer

C) sympathetic nervous system

question

Concerning emotions and their accompanying body responses, which of the following appears to be true? A) Each emotion has its own body response and underlying brain circuit. B) All emotions involve the same body response as a result of the same underlying brain circuit. C) Many emotions involve similar body responses but have different underlying brain circuits. D) All emotions have the same underlying brain circuits but different body responses.

answer

C) Many emotions involve similar body responses but have different underlying brain circuits.

question

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that: A) emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label. B) the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction. C) emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body's responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus. D) emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run.

answer

B) the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.

question

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease? A) alarm reaction B) stage of resistance C) stage of exhaustion D) stage of adaptation

answer

C) stage of exhaustion

question

The leading cause of death in North America is: A) lung cancer. B) AIDS. C) coronary heart disease. D) alcohol-related accidents.

answer

C) coronary heart disease.

question

Which of the following was not raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion? A) The body's responses are too similar to trigger the various emotions. B) Emotional reactions occur before the body's responses can take place. C) The cognitive activity of the cortex plays a role in the emotions we experience. D) People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.

answer

D) People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.

question

(Thinking Critically) Current estimates are that the polygraph is inaccurate approximately ________ of the time. A) three-fourths B) one-half C) one-third D) one-fourth

answer

C) one-third

question

In the Schachter-Singer experiment, which college men reported feeling an emotional change in the presence of the experimenter's highly emotional confederate? A) those receiving epinephrine and expecting to feel physical arousal B) those receiving a placebo and expecting to feel physical arousal C) those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal D) those receiving a placebo and not expecting to feel physical arousal

answer

C) those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal

question

Which of the following is true regarding happiness? A) People with more education tend to be happier. B) Beautiful people tend to be happier than plain people. C) Women tend to be happier than men. D) People who are socially outgoing or who exercise regularly tend to be happier.

answer

D) People who are socially outgoing or who exercise regularly tend to be happier.

question

Catharsis will be most effective in reducing anger toward another person if: A) you wait until you are no longer angry before confronting the person. B) the target of your anger is someone you feel has power over you. C) your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered you. D) the other person is able to retaliate by also expressing anger.

answer

C) your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered you.

question

Emotions consist of which of the following components? A) physiological reactions. B) behavioral expressions. C) conscious feelings. D) all of the above.

answer

D) all of the above.

question

Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the: A) inductive approach. B) deductive approach. C) guilty knowledge test. D) screening examination.

answer

C) guilty knowledge test.

question

Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that: A) it is easy to hide your emotions by controlling your facial expressions. B) facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture. C) most authentic expressions last between 7 and 10 seconds. D) most gestures have universal meanings; facial expressions vary from culture to culture.

answer

B) facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture.

question

In laboratory experiments, fear and joy: A) result in an increase in heart rate. B) stimulate different facial muscles. C) increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles. D) result in a decrease in heart rate.

answer

C) increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles.

question

Research suggests that people generally experience the greatest well-being when they strive for: A) wealth. B) modest income increases from year to year. C) slightly higher status than their friends, neighbors, and coworkers. D) intimacy and personal growth.

answer

D) intimacy and personal growth.

question

Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she: A) is feeling guilty about something. B) is happy. C) recently received help from another person. D) recently offered help to another person.

answer

B) is happy.

question

With regard to emotions, Darwin believed that: A) the expression of emotions helped our ancestors to survive. B) all humans express basic emotions using similar facial expressions. C) human facial expressions of emotion retain elements of animals' emotional displays. D) all of the above are true.

answer

D) all of the above are true.

question

A graph depicting the course of positive emotions over the hours of the day since waking would: A) start low and rise steadily until bedtime. B) start high and decrease steadily until bedtime. C) remain at a stable, moderate level throughout the day. D) rise over the early hours and dissipate during the day's last several hours.

answer

D) rise over the early hours and dissipate during the day's last several hours.

question

Research with subliminally flashed stimuli supports Robert Zajonc's view that A)the heart is always subject to the mind. B)emotional reactions involve deliberate rational thinking. C)cognition is not necessary for emotion. D)responding to a subliminal stimulus is a learned skill.

answer

C)cognition is not necessary for emotion.

question

Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called ________ illnesses. A) psychophysiological B) hypochondriacal C) psychogenic D) psychotropic

answer

A) psychophysiological

question

Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of: A) cancer. B) progressing from HIV infection to AIDS. C) bacterial infections. D) all of the above.

answer

D) all of the above.

question

Stress is defined as: A) unpleasant or aversive events that cannot be controlled. B) situations that threaten health. C) the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events. D) anything that decreases immune responses.

answer

C) the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events.

question

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we interact with it is an example of: A) problem-focused coping. B) emotion-focused coping. C) managing rather than coping with stress. D) hypochondriasis.

answer

A) problem-focused coping.

question

Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a potential health benefit of exercise? A) Exercise can increase ability to cope with stress. B) Exercise can lower blood pressure. C) Exercise can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety. D) Exercise improves functioning of the immune system.

answer

D) Exercise improves functioning of the immune system.

question

Research studies demonstrate that after a catastrophe, rates of ________ often increase. A) depression B) anxiety C) sleeplessness D) all of the above

answer

D) all of the above

question

Social support ________ our ability to cope with stressful events. A) has no effect on B) usually increases C) usually decreases D) has an unpredictable effect on

answer

B) usually increases

question

Research has demonstrated that as a predictor of health and longevity, religious involvement: A) has a small, insignificant effect. B) is more accurate for women than men. C) is more accurate for men than women. D) rivals nonsmoking and exercise.

answer

D) rivals nonsmoking and exercise.

question

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ________ gland in response to stimulation by the ________ branch of the nervous system. A) pituitary; sympathetic B) pituitary; parasympathetic C) adrenal; sympathetic D) adrenal; parasympathetic

answer

C) adrenal; sympathetic

question

the tendency to react to changes on the basic of recent experience

answer

adaptation-level phenomen

question

an individual's self-perceived happiness

answer

subjective well-being

question

emotional release

answer

catharsis

question

the tendency to evaluate our situation negatively against that of other people

answer

relative deprivation principle

question

emotions consist of physical arousal and a cognitive label

answer

two-factor theory

question

an emotion-arousing stimulus triggers cognitive and body responses simultaneously

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

question

the division of the nervous system that calms the body following arousal

answer

parasympathetic nervous system

question

the division of the nervous system that activates arousal

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

a device that measures the physiological correlates of emotion

answer

polygraph

question

the tendency of people to be helpful when they are in a good mood

answer

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

question

we are sad because we cry

answer

James-Lange theory

question

Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal? A) Emotions prepare the body to fight or flee. B) Emotions are voluntary reactions to emotion-arousing stimuli. C) Because all emotions have the same physiological basis, emotions are primarily psychological events. D) Emotional arousal is always accompanied by cognition.

answer

A) Emotions prepare the body to fight or flee.

question

Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both A) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system B) verbal and nonverbal expression C) physical and arousal and a cognitive label D) universal and culture-specific aspects

answer

C) physical and arousal and a cognitive label

question

When students studied others who were worse off than themselves, they felt greater satisfaction with their own lives. This is an example of the principle of: a. relative deprivation. b. adaptation level. c. behavioral contrast. d. opponent processes.

answer

a. relative deprivation.

question

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of the body's response and emotional feeling? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. two-factor theory d. valence theory

answer

b. Cannon-Bard theory

question

Izard believes that there are _____ basic emotions. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10

answer

d. 10

question

(Thinking Critically) The polygraph measures: a. lying. b. brain rhythms. c. chemical changes in the body. d. physiological indexes of arousal.

answer

d. physiological indexes of arousal.

question

People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's _____, which is rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter _____. a. right frontal lobe; dopamine b. left frontal lobe; dopamine c. amygdala; serotonin d. amygdala; serotonin

answer

b. left frontal lobe; dopamine

question

Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions? a. Gestures are universal; facial expressions, culture-specific. b. Facial expressions are universal; gestures, culture-specific. c. Both gestures and facial expressions are universal. d. Both gestures and facial expressions are culture-specific.

answer

b. Facial expressions are universal; gestures, culture-specific.

question

Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. two-factor theory d. valence theory

answer

a. James-Lange theory

question

In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is: A) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion. B) stage of resistance, alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion. C) stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction. D) alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance.

answer

A) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.

question

Which of the following was not presented in the text as evidence that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate, rational thinking? A)Some of the neural pathways involved in emotion are separate from those involved in thinking and memory. B)Emotional reactions are sometimes quicker than our interpretations of a situation. C)People can develop an emotional preference for visual stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed. D)Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction even when artificially induced by an injection of epinephrine.

answer

D)Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction even when artificially induced by an injection of epinephrine.

question

Concerning the catharsis hypothesis, which of the following is true? A)Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling guilty or anxious. B)The arousal that accompanies unexpressed anger never dissipates. C)Expressing one's anger always calms one down. D)Psychologists agree that under no circumstances is catharsis beneficial.

answer

A)Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling guilty or anxious.

question

17. In an emergency situation, emotional arousal will result in: A)increased rate of respiration. B)increased blood sugar. C)a slowing of digestion. D)pupil dilation. E)all of the above.

answer

E)all of the above.

question

AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's: A) endocrine system. B) circulatory system. C) immune system. D) respiratory system.

answer

C) immune system.

question

Several studies have shown that physical arousal can intensify just about any emotion. For example, when people who have been physically aroused by exercise are insulted, they often misattribute their arousal to the insult. This finding illustrates the importance of: A)cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions. B)a minimum level of arousal in triggering emotional experiences. C)the simultaneous occurrence of physical arousal and cognitive labeling in emotional experience. D)all of the above.

answer

A)cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions.

question

(Thinking Critically) Many psychologists are opposed to the use of lie detectors because: A)they represent an invasion of a person's privacy and could easily be used for unethical purposes. B)there are often serious discrepancies among the various indicators such as perspiration and heart rate. C)polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal. D)they are accurate only about 50 percent of the time.

answer

C)polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal.

question

"Tend and befriend" refers to: A) the final stage of the general adaptation syndrome. B) the health-promoting impact of having a strong system of social support. C) an alternative to the "fight-or-flight" response that may be more common in women. D) the fact that spiritual people typically are not socially isolated.

answer

C) an alternative to the "fight-or-flight" response that may be more common in women.

question

When he asked people how they handled anger, James Averill found that they often recalled A)reacting hurtfully. B)walking away from the situation. C)reacting assertively. D)internalizing the anger.

answer

C)reacting assertively.

question

Which of these factors have researchers not found to correlate with happiness? A)a satisfying marriage or close friendship B)high self-esteem C)religious faith D)education

answer

D)education

question

In cultures that emphasize social interdependence: A)emotional displays are typically intense. B)emotional displays are typically prolonged. C)personal emotions are displayed less visibly D)all of the above are true.

answer

C)personal emotions are displayed less visibly

question

Which of the following statements concerning Type A and B persons is true? A) Even when relaxed, Type A persons have higher blood pressure than Type B persons. B) When stressed, Type A persons show greater output of stress hormones than Type B persons. C) Type B persons tend to suppress anger more than Type A persons. D) Type A persons tend to sleep more than Type B persons.

answer

B) When stressed, Type A persons show greater output of stress hormones than Type B persons.

question

The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are: A) B lymphocytes. B) T lymphocytes. C) macrophages D) all of these types of cells

answer

D) all of these types of cells

question

One effect of stress on the body is to: A) suppress the immune system. B) facilitate the immune system response. C) increase disease resistance. D) increase the growth of B and T lymphocytes.

answer

A) suppress the immune system.

question

Compared to men, women: A) have stronger immune systems. B) are less susceptible to infections. C) are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as multiple sclerosis. D) have all of the characteristics

answer

D) have all of the characteristics

question

Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by: A) an overreactive immune system. B) an underreactive immune system. C) the presence of B lymphocytes. D) the presence of T lymphocytes.

answer

A) an overreactive immune system.

question

Research on cancer patients reveals that: A) stress affects the growth of cancer cells by weakening the body's natural resources. B) patients' attitudes can influence their rate of recovery. C) cancer occurs slightly more often than usual among those widowed, divorced, or separated. D) all of the above are true.

answer

D) all of the above are true.

question

The component of Type A behavior that is the most predictive of coronary disease is: A) time urgency. B) competitiveness. C) high motivation. D) anger.

answer

D) anger.

question

Which of the following was not suggested as a possible explanation of the "faith factor" in health? A) Having a coherent worldview is a buffer against stress. B) Religious people tend to have healthier life-styles. C) Those who are religious have stronger networks of social support. D) Because they are more affluent, religiously active people receive better health care.

answer

D) Because they are more affluent, religiously active people receive better health care.

question

(Thinking Critically) Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of: A) psychophysiological medicine. B) complementary and alternative medicine. C) Chi therapy. D) psychosomatic medicine.

answer

B) complementary and alternative medicine.

question

psychological reponses of the whole organism involving an interplay among physiological arousalm expressive behaviorsm and conscious experience

answer

emotions

question

gesture, facial, expressions, and voice tones

answer

nonverbal communciation

question

our facial expressions can amplify the emotions we are displaying and signal our body to respond accordingly.

answer

facial feedback effect

question

alarm-resistance-exhaustion

answer

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

question

Three main categories of life-event stressors:

answer

catastrophic events, significant life changes, and daily hassles

question

anger prone, more prone to coronary attacks

answer

Type A personality

question

more releaxed and easy-going are less prone to coronary attacks

answer

Type B personality

question

alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor to the way we interact with it

answer

problem-focused coping

question

alleviate stress indirectly by attending to emotional needs

answer

emotion-focused coping

PSY 100 Ch 11 – Flashcards

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