Population Ecology – Flashcards
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Ecology
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-Study of the Interactions -Organisms with other organisms -Organisms physical Environment (Habitat)
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Ecology and Evolution
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-Ecology and evolution are connected -Interactions are selection pressures(annoying cause harm) -Evolutionary change affect interactions
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Levels of Interaction
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Factors that inlfuence interactions: -Abiotic factors (Non living) (Temperature, Soil and Air) -Biotic Factors (Living Things) -Ecological studies divided into five levels.
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Levels of Ecological Studies
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-Organismal Ecology -Population Ecology -Community Ecology -Ecosystem -Biosphere
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Organismal Ecology
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how individual organisms adapt to their habitat
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Population Ecology
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All organisms of same kind of species living in an area -Focus on factors that affect growth & regulation of population size. -same species -interbreed - live in same area
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Community Ecology
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all populations interacting at a particular area. -Focus on how interactions like predation and competition of organisms in community -dif populations - share resources -interaction with in dif populations.
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Ecosystem
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study of the community of populations and abiotic environments include energy flow and chemical cylces - all biotic and abiotic factors
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Biosphere
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the zone of the earths soil water and air in which living things organisms are found -sum of all earths ecosystem
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Population Characteristics
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1. Density 2. Distribution 3 Population Size 4.Intrinsic rate of natural increase or growth rate
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Population Density
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Density-number of individuals per unit are or volume
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Population Distribution
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-Population Distribution-pattern of dispersal of individuals with in an area -Uniform distribution-due to territoriality and food distribution -Random Distribution, Clumped distribution.
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Distribution causes
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abiotic factors like moisture, temp, soil, nutrients which can be limiting factors
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Population size
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-Natality(+) -Mortality(-) -Immigration(+) -Emigration (-)
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Environmental resistance
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-control population biotic potential -limited food -increased competition -accumulation of wastes -predation, parasites
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population growth
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Exponential "J" Shaped growth -Biotic potential -reached only if there is no resource limitation
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Logistic growth
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"S"Shaped growth curve or sigmoid growth -lag phase-exponential growth , decrease phase -stable equilibrium
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Carrying Capactiy
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(K) environmental resistance -max pop. size a particular area can sustain
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Mortality patterns
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Cohort-group born at same time -Survivorship-probablility of individuals to cohort surviving to a spec. age -----Types I II III
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Age structure
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Give into a past and future history of a population
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Population Regulation
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Density- Dependent factors Density- Independent factors (Competition, parasites and weather)
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Life history patterns
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-They vary -# of births -Age of reproduction -Life Span -The probability of living the whole life span
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K selection-
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-K selections or K strategists -Equilibrium species - Large individuals, long life span, slow to mature, few offspring, much care of offspring -Allocate energy to their own growth and survival of their off spring -Competitions and exclude opportunists
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r selection
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R strategies -Opportunists species-insects and annual plants -Small, short life span, fast to mature, many offspring, little or no care of off spring
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Human Population
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-Doubling time -More developed countries(MDCs) -Less deveoloped countries (LDCs) -Demographic transision -Zero population -Replacement population
