Physio Organic Chemistry – Flashcards
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proton donors; ionize, dissociate, and release (H+) and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH-) in water
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acids
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proton acceptors of H+ and release OH-
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bases
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measure of H+ concentration of a solution
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pH
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helps prevent excessive changes in the pH of body fluids; releases H+ when pH is too high and binds to H+ when too low
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buffers
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fat that contains a phosphate group in place of a fatty acid
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phospholipids
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hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 to 1; building blocks of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 9 to 1
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triglyceride
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no double bonds between carbon atoms holding all hydrogen atoms
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saturated fat in lipids
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has double bonds between carbon atoms and hydrogen
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unsaturated fat in lipids
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collagen, keratins, muscles
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structural proteins
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enzymes, receptors, hemoglobin, antibodies, hormones
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functional proteins
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inherited genes to make proteins
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DNA
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used in protein synthesis to put together amino acids to make proteins
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RNA
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constructed of four flat interlocking hydrocarbon rings and most important is cholesterol which stabilizes the cell membrane
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steroids
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the unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain
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primary structure of proteins
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the repeated twisting or folding of neighboring amino acids in the polypeptide chain, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds
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secondary structure of proteins
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the three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain
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tertiary structure
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the arrangement of the individual polypeptide chains relative to one another
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quaternary structure
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the chief building materials of the body and are extended and strand like; linear, insoluble in water, and very stable; qualities are ideal for providing mechanical support and tensile strength
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fibrous/structural proteins
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compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure; water soluble, mobile, and chemically active molecules
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globular/functional proteins
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when a protein encounters an altered environment, which usually occurs as a result of heat or alcohol or acids and bases, it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape
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protein denaturation
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part of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
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active site
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they can only bind to specific substrates
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specificity of enzymes
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they can catalyze reactions at extremely rapid rates
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efficiency of enzymes
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CHONP
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organic compounds
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H2O to combine
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dehydration synthesis
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H2O splitting
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hydrolysis
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apart of fat, contains 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains and can be triglyceride or triglycerol
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lipids
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contains two nitrogenous bases and one phosphate group, monomers are nucleotides, and two types are RNA and DNA
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nucleic acids
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amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine
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Chargoff's Rule
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the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain
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glycine
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monomer is amino acid, and contains amino glycine along with amino acid
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proteins
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contains polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and disaccharides
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carbohydrates
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most catalysts are protein molecules called _________
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enzymes
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the form of energy used by all of our cells
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Adenine Triphosphate (ATP)
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what is the normal pH range for blood?
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7.35-7.45
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about 85% of the cell is composed of organic compounds. defend or refute this statement.
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this statement is incorrect because 60% of the cell is made up of water
