Physical Geology Test 2 – Flashcards
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Importance of Sedimentary Rock
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Resevior trap, source of minerals, building minerals, contains fossils
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Lithification
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Sediments "cemented" together
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2 types of lithification
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Compaction & cementing agent
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Stratum
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Lithified sediments form layer
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Strata
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Plural, layers of sed rocks, trace over long distance, separated by bedding planes
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Stratigraphy
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Study of layered rocks
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2 origins of sed
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Weather and erosion & chemical precipitation
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Weathering
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Decompose rocks
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Clasts
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Broken fragments
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Erosion
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Transports clasts
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Deposition
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Seds settle out
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Diagenesis
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Anything after deposition
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Transporting agents
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Water, wind, ice
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Cementing agents
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Calcite, quartz, hematite
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Sorting
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Segregation of clast sizes
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Roundness
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Degree of angularity
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Course grained clastics
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Conglomerates, breccia, sandstone
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Conglomerates
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Varied sizes, rounded
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Breccia
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Varied sizes, angular
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Sandstone
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Sand like
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Fine grained clastics
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Shale & mudstone
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Shale
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Very fine, smooth, fissility
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Mudstone
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Very fine, smooth no fissility
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Fissility
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Spits into sheets
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Chemical rocks
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Mineral precipitate, deposition and accumulation, and lithification
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Chemical organic rocks
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Limestone chert coal
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Formation of organic limestone
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Billions of microorganisms with calcite shells
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Formation of organic chert
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Billions of microorganisms with "glass" shells
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Formation of organism coal
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Plants parts decomposed on surface and buried and undergo diagnesis and compaction and heat
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Chemical inorganic rocks
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Limestone chert rock salt and gypsum
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Metaphoric rock
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Change forms with t and p. Cannot melt
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Polymorphs
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Al2SiO5-T&P Kyanite Andalusite Sillimanite
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Types of metamorphism
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Contact Regional Hydrothermal Impact
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Regional metamorphism
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Convergent plate areas Affects large volume of crust High P and some T
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Contact Metamorphism
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Magma alters rock Convergent and divergent margins Plate interiors
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Hydrothermal Metamorphism
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Interaction of hot water and rock Replaces minerals not textural
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Metasomatism
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Change rock composition by fluids
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2 igneous environments
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Intrusive & extrusive
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Crystallization
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Magma cools, ions slow, orderly arranged
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Intrusive (plutonic)
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Underground. Insulated. Cools slow.
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Phaneritic
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Large crystals. Intrusive
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Extrusive (volcanic)
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Surface. Rapid cooling
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Aphanitic
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Small crystals form. Extrusive
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Glassy
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Glass. Extrusive
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Vesicular
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Holes. Extrusive
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Porphryitic
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Large and small mix. Intrude and or extrusive
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Pyroclastic
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Fragments. Extrusive intrusive
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Pegmatitic
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Intrusive. Very slow fine crystals
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Igneous composition
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Felsic or mafic
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Intermediate composition
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Mix of Felsic and mafic. Salt and pepper
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Ultramafic
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Saturated mafic
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Extrusive rocks
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Lava ash, cinders, pumice, blocks, pyroclastic
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Pyroclastic
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Ejectors debris; ash, pumice, cinders
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Lava formed extrusive
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Obsidian and basalt
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Obsidian
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Felsic glassy rapid cooling
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Basalt
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Mafic aphanitic cools fast
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Pyroclastic extrusive
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Rhyolites and pumice
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Rhyolite
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Felsic Aphanitic Ash flows
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Pumice
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Felsic Glassy/vesicular
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Intrusive igneous rocks
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Gabbro Granite Peridotite Pegmatite
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Gabbro
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Mafic and phaneritic
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Granite
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Felsic and phaneritic
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Peridotite
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Ultramafic phaneritic
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Pegmatite
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Cools very slowly
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Intermediate igneous composition
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Diorite and andersite
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Diorite
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Intrusive and phaneritic
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Andersite
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Extrusive and apanitic
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Igneous environment
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Processes responsible for forming igneous rock
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Igneous
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Rocks forming from liquid rock. Ash
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E. I. R.
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Extrusive igneous rock. Rocks form extrusive processes. Lava. Ash. Pumice.
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Origins of igneous environment
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Convergent boundaries. Volcanic arcs. Mantle plumes
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Magma chamber
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Holds gas magma
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Conduit or pipe
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Tunnel to surface
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Vent
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Surface opening connected to pipe
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Crater
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Funnel at summit
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Types of volcanos
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Shield Cinder cone Composite Caldera
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Shield volcano
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Biggest. Gentle slope. Basaltic (fluid) lava. Mafic. Ex. Hawaii
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Cinder cone
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Smallest. Steep slope. Occurs in groups. Mafic/Felsic. Ex. Cerro negro
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Composite
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Large size. Layers of lava and pyroclastic. Felsic and mafic. Most violent. Ex. Mount St. Helen
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Caldera
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Collapsed volcano. Very large crater. Large explosion. Ex. Yellowstone
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Violent eruption
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Produced by composite and calderas. Felsic viscous lava hugh gas content
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Gases in violent eruption
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Has expends near surface. Provide force for eruption. Can be toxic
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Lava flows in violent eruption
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Felsic. Silica lava. High viscosity.
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Viscosity
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Ability to resist flow
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Pyroclastic flow
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Toxic ash cloud, gas, steam, and debris. Up to 200 km. 600 + C*
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Nuée ardente
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Fiery pyroclastic flow
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Pyroclastic debris
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Ash and dust Pumice Blocks Bombs
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Ash and dust
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Fine particles
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Pumice
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Frothy lava cinders and lapilli
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Blocks
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Hardened lava
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Bombs
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Ejected as hot lava
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Lahars
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Volcanic mudflows rock ash debris and water. Snow on peaks melt during eruption
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Nonviolent eruptions
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Typical mafic. Low viscous flows. Gas escapes easily. Occurs with shield volcano fissures and cinder cones
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Hawaiian lava
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Mafic basaltic lavas
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Hawaiian lava flows
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Pahoehoe Aa
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Fissure eruptions
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Form cracks in crust. Basaltic lavas
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Impact metamorphism
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Associated with meteors. Instantaneous. Shocks. Converts minerals rapidly
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Geothermal gradient
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Increase T w depth. Geographic variation. Shallow thin crust. Steep thick crust. T. Variation
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Confining pressure
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Equal force all direction
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Direct pressure
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Force in specific direction. Compressive plate convergence. Affect texture
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Metamorphic rock texture
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Foliated. Non foliated. Porphyroblastic
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Porphyroblastic
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Large exotic crystal in fine matrix
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Foliated
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Flat minerals aligned parallel
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No foliated
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Crystalline. No foliation
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Foliated metamorphic rocks
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Slate. Phyllite. Schist. Gneiss
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Slate
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Dull platy. Lowest grade.
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Phyllite
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Slight silky sheen tiny mica crystal low grade
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Schist
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Large grains (muscovite or biotite). Shiny and flaky. Medium grade
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Gniess
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Mineral desperation. Banding high grade.
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Non-foliated rocks
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Quartzite and marble
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Quartzite
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Crystalline parent rock is sandstone
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Marble
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Crystalline. Contains calcite. Parent rock is like stone
