question

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because it:

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was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.

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Physical anthropologists seek to study:

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humans from a biological and cultural perspective

question

Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans?

answer

physical anthropology

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Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat?

answer

They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants.

question

Physical anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of:

answer

both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories

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How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

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Biocultural anthropology studies the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture; cultural anthropology studies diverse cultures and societies.

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Archaeologists

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study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains.

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What are three key attributes related to human uniqueness?

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increased hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food

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Anthropology views humans as:

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biological and cultural beings

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What makes us human?

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biology, culture, and behavior

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Which of the following would a physical anthropologist NOT study to learn more about humans?

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pottery and stone tools

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The four branches of anthropology are

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cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.

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This anthropologist wants to know more about the lifestyle of our human ancestors and is studying modern primates (chimpanzees) for clues to the past. What aspect of these chimps' lives is LEAST likely to interest her?

answer

variation in the chimps' fur color

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Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your professor most likely uses which of the following methods in her research?

answer

the biocultural approach

question

Modern humans lost the typical primate honing canine used for food processing because of which invention?

answer

stone tools

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The study of culture in the past based on material remains is part of which branch of anthropology?

answer

archaeology

question

Physical anthropology is the study of human __________ and human biocultural _________.

answer

evolution; variation

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What were the three key observations made by Darwin that allowed him to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution?

answer

Organisms produce more offspring than survive, variation exists among members of populations, and advantageous variations increase in relative frequency over time.

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How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution?

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He proposed the first serious model of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring through inheritance of acquired characteristics, though that idea turned out to be incorrect.

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The four forces of evolution are

answer

gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection

question

Your history professor is interested in genealogy and tells your class that, on his mother's side, he is descended from the original Amish population, a religious and insular group of people in Pennsylvania who tended to marry within their social circle. He also notes that many members of his extended family have the condition polydactyly, an extra finger or toe. The high frequency of polydactyly in your professor's ancestry is an example of _________________ in the Pennsylvania Amish.

answer

genetic drift

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Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because it:

answer

synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change.

question

Adaptive radiation occurs when:

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one species gives rise to multiple closely related species.

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Mendel's plant experiments demonstrated that:

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traits are passed on from parent to offspring as discrete units

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The only source of new genetic material is

answer

mutation

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Darwin believed that ________________ was the primary cause of evolution.

answer

natural selection

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This specific shape of DNA is known as the

answer

double helix

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While home for winter break, you start telling your grandmother about your physical anthropology class. She once heard about a man who became a bodybuilder and then produced muscular children, and she asks you to explain how this could happen. You say that

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this is an example of Lamarckism, which has some kernels of truth about evolution but is not a wholly accurate theory.

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Darwinian evolution proposes that:

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species adapt and change over time based on the environment

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The forces of evolution include:

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natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations

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physical appereance

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phenotype

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Gene flow differs from genetic drift because it is the:

answer

spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.

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According to Linnaean taxonomy, humans are in the genus and species

answer

Homo sapiens.

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The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was:

answer

Carolus Linnaeus

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The study of taxonomy was enriched by the work of

answer

Carolus Linnaeus

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Evolutionary synthesis is:

answer

a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

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The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.

answer

23

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An offspring with the chromosome pair XX will be

answer

XX

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In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because:

answer

the Y chromosome is present in males only.

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Meiosis results in the production of:

answer

four gametes

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Hox genes:

answer

appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.

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If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed, this is an

answer

codominance

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Chromosome number is reduced during:

answer

meiosis

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_______ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

answer

Mitochondrial

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The gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a _______ gene.

answer

regulatory

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In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding:

answer

demonstrates the law of independent assortment

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Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

answer

AO

question

The presence of a recessive allele:

answer

can be masked in the phenotype.

question

Structural proteins found in the human body are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

answer

at which you went through puberty

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DNA:

answer

directs cellular function

question

Homologous chromosomes:

answer

carry genetic information that influences the same traits.

question

If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be

answer

GATTACA

question

Proteins consist of:

answer

a chain of amino acids

question

The expression of polygenic traits is:

answer

determined by genes at several loci.

question

After doing a genetic analysis on your respective _______, you and your roommate learned that you shared the same maternal ancestor 15,000 years ago in Europe.

answer

mtDNA

question

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following EXCEPT type _______ blood.

answer

AB

question

A study of Galapagos finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had wide beaks well adapted to breaking open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection.

answer

directional

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:

answer

no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.

question

When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of:

answer

macroevolution

question

The genotype that confers protection against malaria while allowing an individual to survive and reproduce is

answer

AS

question

Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifts from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifts from 25% to 29%. This is an example of:

answer

microevolution

question

Another name for a reproductive population is

answer

deme

question

Members of a population that can breed and produce viable offspring are considered to be of the same

answer

species

question

Familial hypercholesterolemia, an autosomal dominant disease, is five times more frequent in the Afrikaner population of South Africa than in the original population of Europe from which the ancestors to the Afrikaners immigrated. This represents an example of:

answer

the founder effect

question

Fitness trade-off refers to selection favoring which genotype?

answer

heterozygous

question

What effect does natural selection have on population variation?

answer

it decreases variation

question

Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder that decreases susceptibility to malaria?

answer

Huntington's chorea

question

A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:

answer

genetic drift

question

Another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is:

answer

admixture

question

An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore:

answer

homozygous, with two recessive alleles

question

Populations in which reproduction within the group is encouraged are called

answer

endogamous

question

Malaria is caused by:

answer

bites from infected mosquitos

question

Huntington's chorea is a genetically linked, debilitating, degenerative disorder with an onset usually after the fourth decade of life. The reason that this disease has not been eliminated through natural selection and is actually quite prevalent among communities in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is that

answer

the onset of the disease after prime childbearing years means it is largely unaffected by natural selection

question

Studies of Galapagos finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection.

answer

disruptive

Physical Anthropology Unit Test 1 – Flashcards

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