Physical Activity Epidemiology Test 1 – Flashcards
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physical activity
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bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expended
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exercise
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planned, structured, and repetitive; results in improvement or maintenance of one or more areas of physical fitness
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epidemiology
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the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems; study of how disease is distributed in a population and of factors that influence or determine that distribution
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chronic disease
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main issue in the field of physical activity epidemiology
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physical activity epidemiology
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field of research that investigates the relationship between physical activity and health and diseases in a population
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physical activity helps prevent what conditions?
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cardiovascular or heart disease; cancer; also type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, obesity, mental illness
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energy expenditure
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measured in kilocalories over a specific period of time (usually 24 hours)
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3 components of total energy expenditure
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1. basal metabolic rate 2. thermic effect of food 3. physical activity: 2 subgroups (activities of daily living; other activities including sports, exercise, hiking, etc.)
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recommended physical activity: adults
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30 minutes of PA, preferrably all or most days of the week; activity of greater intensity yields greater health benefits; strength developing activities at least 2 days a week
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link between physical activity and preventing chronic disease
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it's because of epidemiology that we can determine cause of disease
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2 major approaches
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experimental and observational
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major conclusions
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a sedentary lifestyle leads to premature morbidity and mortality, PA is a key antecedent to most chronic disease and disablements/disabilities, PA should be a cornerstone of targeted intervention methods, CDC supports debate
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goal
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to prevent AND treat
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some first explanations of disease
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mystical or spiritual notion, the natural notion, scientific notion (this represents beginning of epidemiological reasoning)
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Hippocrates
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Parent of Medicine; Parents of Early Epidemiology
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Hippocrates's explanation
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humoral balance was influenced by internal factors such as age, heredity, general fitness level, and external factors such as weather, soil conditions, and seasons
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epidemic curve
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a charting of case appearances during an epidemic along a time line; important because it depicts the time factor in disease occurence and distribution
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determinants of disease
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agent, host, environment, time
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morbidity
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refers to a diseased state, disability, or poor health due to any cause
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comorbidity
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when 2 disorders or illnesses occur in the same person, simultaneously or sequentially
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incidence rate
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number of new cases during some time period
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prevalence
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total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time
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mortality
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condition of being mortal or susceptible to death
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mortality rate
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measure of the number of deaths in some population
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risk factors
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characteristic that if present increases probability of disease in a group of individuals who have that characteristic compared with a group of individuals who don't have that characteristic; can be both positive and negative
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chronic disease
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diease that is not spread from one host to another aka noninfectious or noncommunicable
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infectious disease
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disease that can be transmitted from one to another aka communicable disease
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endemic
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disease or other occurence that is constantly present in a population
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epidemic
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disease or other occurence who incidence is higher than expected
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pandemic
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worldwide epidemic
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chronic disease generally has multiple risk factors
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long latency, long disease process, difficulty treating to the point of full recovery
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possible problem solving technique
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determine the problem, study the problem, suggest a solution, test the solution, evaluate the solution
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studies can be of the following nature:
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descriptive, analytic, experimental/trial
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studies can be categorized according to disease occurence:
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prevalence, retrospective, prospective
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prevalence study
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studying a disease that is presently occuring
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retrospective study
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study that begins after a disease has occured
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prospective study
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study that begins before a disease occurs
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2 types of retrospective studies
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case study and case control study
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cohort
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a group of persons without disease are assessed periodically for long periods of time to see if there is a factor exposure-disease incidence relationship
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trials
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experimental studies on the effectiveness of interventions designed to treat or prevent disease
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examples of observational studies
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cross-sectional, case-control, prospective
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example of experimental studies
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clinical trials
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heath
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a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
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physical fitness
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the state/condition of being fit; suitability or apprpriateness; good health or physical condition, especially as the result of exercise and proper nutrition
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health-related physical fitness
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fitness as it pertains to disease prevention and health promotion
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skill-related physical fitness
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fitness as it pertains to the development of skills that are integral to success in sports; little bearing on health and disease prevention
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components of physical fitness testing
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cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility
