question

T/F Immanuel Kant believed that some rules may be broken as long as the results will not justify breaking the rule

answer

false

question

T/F Kant based his ethical views on theological considerations

answer

false

question

An "ought" statement of the form, "if you want X, then you ought to do Y" is called a

answer

hypothetical imperative

question

T/F For Kant, moral obligations do not depend on us having particular desires

answer

True

question

For Kant, categorical "oughts" have force because we have

answer

Reason

question

The rule or principle a person is following when they do an act is called

answer

the maxim of the act

question

Kant believed which of the following about lying

answer

it is wrong under all circumstances

question

Elizabeth Anscombe criticizes the Categorical Imperative on the basis that

answer

it is useless without some guidance on how to form moral rules

question

What Rachel's calls the "case of the inquiring murderer" is offered to do which of the following

answer

show that categorical imperative is too absolute

question

T/F Peter Geech believed that genuine conflicts between moral rules never actually occur

answer

True

question

Rachel's believes that the basic insight of Kant's ethics is

answer

valid moral reasonings are not binding on all people at all times

question

T/F O'Neill agrees with those who characterize Kant's ethics as being difficult to understand and excessively demanding

answer

False

question

T/F Kant gives more than one different version of his Supreme Principle of Morality

answer

True

question

T/F For Kant, the maxim of an act is the principle or policy one follows when deciding on an action

answer

True

question

T/F For Kant, what makes an action moral or immoral are the consequences of our action, not what we intend

answer

False

question

T/F Kant believed that it is wrong to use someone as a means to our ends

answer

False

question

Which of the following makes a false promise wrong, according to Kant

answer

it treats the person who believes the false promise as a thing and not as a person

question

For Kant, the special moral status of people (i.e. their dignity) is based on their

answer

rationality

question

T/F When I ask a friend to lend me some money, I am treating that person as a means in violation of the categorical imperative

answer

false

question

T/F Bentham was a proponent of the retrubitivist justification of punishment

answer

false

question

T/F Deceiving someone in order to get them to do what you want would not violate the Categorical Imperative because they will have acted voluntarily and not under coercion

answer

false

question

T/F Treating someone as an end in themselves requires that we make our purpose one of their purpose

answer

false

question

T/F Kant objects to treating other people as a means

answer

false

question

In the example of the plumber on Rachels page 138-139, hiring a plumber would be

answer

morally okay because you are not treating the plumber as simply a means

question

T/F Jeremy Bentham believed that some punishments were well deserved and therefore good things

answer

False

question

Bentham was opposed to the retributivist justification because

answer

he thought retributivism advocated inflicted suffering without any gain

question

What are the utilitarian justifications of punishment

answer

1. gratification to victims 2. separating criminals from society 3. deterring would-be criminals 4. rehabilitation

question

Which of the following is a retributivist justification for punishment

answer

the criminal deserves the punishment

question

Kant advocated retributivism because

answer

even though punishing increased suffering in the world, it was alright because the suffering was borne by those who deserved it

question

T/F According to Rachel's, the utilitarian view of punishment is the dominant view in America today

answer

False

question

Kant objected to the utilitarian justification of punishment, because he thought it

answer

is incompatible with human dignity

question

Kant thought that punishment should be governed by which of the following principles

answer

1. people should be punished simply because they have committed crimes 2. criminals should be punished in proportion to the crime they have committed

question

Kant supported the death penalty for which of the following reasons

answer

for murder, the death penalty is the only proportionate treatment

question

Kant thought that punishing a guilty person showed respect for that person because

answer

it treated them as a rational being who could be responsible for their own behavior

question

Under Kantian retributivist theory of punishment, which of the following would not deserve to be punished

answer

someone who is insane and therefore not able to control their actions

question

T/F Judith Thomson beleives that a fetus is not a person until after it is born

answer

False

question

Which of the following best describes Judith Thomson's position in her article

answer

she assumes for the sake of argument that a fetus is a person from the moment of conception

question

The purpose of Judith Thomson's violonist analogy, p. 168-169, is to

answer

show that a right to life does not mean the right to have other people preserve one's life when the cost would be great

question

T/F Judith Thomson's view is that people have a right to do anything whatever to save their lives

answer

false

question

Which of the following best states Judith Thomson's position on right to life

answer

it consists in the right not to be killed unjustly

question

The purpose of Judith Thomson's "people seeds" story on p. 177 is to do which of the following

answer

undermine the argument that a fetus has a right to its mother's body

question

T/F Judith Thomson's argument supports abortion in some cases but does not support securing the death of the unborn child

answer

true

question

As discussed in Mary Anne Warren's article, John Noonan's view is which of the following

answer

a fetus is a full human being at conception

question

T/F Mary Anne Warren believes that out moral rights are based on our being genetically human

answer

false

question

Mary Anne Warren believes which of the following

answer

the fetus is not a full person at any stage of the pregnancy

question

The purpose of the story Mary Anne Warren tells of a young woman encountering aliens on p. 198-199 is to do which of the following

answer

undermine the claim that, because a fetus is a potential person, it has a right to life that must be respected

question

The reason Mary Anne Warren discusses infanticide is that

answer

she needs to defend herself against the objection that her argument in support of abortion also supports infanticide

question

Which of the following is Don Marquis' view

answer

abortion is usually morally wrong

question

According to Don Marquis, what makes the killing of another person wrong

answer

it inflicts a great loss on that person

question

Which of the following does Don Marquis offer as considerations that support his view of what makes killing wrong

answer

1. his theory explains why killing is regarded as one of the worst crimes 2. his theory explains why people who know they are dying believe that dying is a bad thing for them 3. his theory does not entail that active euthanasia is always wrong

question

Which of the following best describes Don Marquis' view regarding the morality of abortion

answer

he believes that fetuses have valuable futures and so killing them is as wrong as killing an adult human being

question

As presented in the Rachel's essay, the traditional view of the AMA is that

answer

passive euthanasia is morally permitted but active euthanasia is not morally permitted

question

The point of the discussion of the Down's Syndrome baby and intestinal blockage on p. 214 is to argue that

answer

treating active euthanasia as morally different from passive euthanasia leads to making life and death decisions on morally irrelevant grounds

question

According to Rachel's, the basis for the belief that there is an important moral difference between active and passive euthanasia is

answer

the belief that killing someone is morally worse than simply letting them die

question

The purpose of the discussion of the Smith and Jones cases on p. 215 is to do which of the following

answer

to undermine the claim that there is a morally important difference between killing and letting die

question

Rachel's asserts that the important similarity between Smith and Jones cases and the euthanasia case is that

answer

the bare difference between killing and letting die does not, in fact, make a moral difference

question

Which of the following does Rachel's offer as an explanation for why people tend to think that killing is worse than simply letting die

answer

people often hear of terrible cases of killing but rarely hear about cases of letting die

question

The point of the block quotation on p. 217 is to do which of the following

answer

support the moral distinction between active euthanasia and passive euthanasia

question

Rachel's responds to the argument on p. 217 by asserting which of the following

answer

he denies letting someone die is the same as doing nothing

question

Rachel's believes which of the following about legal prohibition of active euthanasia

answer

it cannot be used to support a moral difference between active and passive euthanasia

question

T/F Sullivan points out that one of the downsides of improved medical technology is that it allows preserving lives that will be painful

answer

True

question

Which of the following is part of the "traditional view" of the physician's role, as presented in the Sullivan essay

answer

it is impermissible to terminate intentionally the life of a patient

question

T/F Sullivan agrees with Rachel's that it makes little difference from a moral point of view to kill by action or malevolent inaction

answer

True

question

Which of the following is part of the distinction between extraordinary measures and ordinary measures

answer

the amount of pain the measure will cause

question

The purpose of the example Sullivan offers regarding foregoing exercise on p. 223 is to do which of the following

answer

to exemplify the difference between foreseeing an occurence and intending to bring it about

question

Which of the following expresses Sullivan's view regarding the withdrawal of ordinary measures

answer

the refusal to use ordinary measures is morall wrong because that refulsa indicates a desire to bring about the death of the patient

question

Sullivan asserts that the basis of the traditional view is

answer

the intention of the action or inaction

question

Peter Singer believes which of the following about the situation in Bengal that he describes

answer

there is nothing unique about it, except it's magnitude

question

Singer argues which of the following about the way people in wealthy countries react to a situation like the one in Bengal

answer

it was not morally just

question

The purpose of Singer's story of the drowning child in the pond is which of the following

answer

to support his claim that if we can prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing something of comparable moral worth, then we should do it

question

Singer beleives which of the following about the moral principle demonstrated by his pond example

answer

following this example would fundamentally change our lives

question

Singer believes which of the following about our moral obligations regarding distance

answer

we have the same moral obligation to those near us and those far away

question

Singer believes which of the following about our moral obligations

answer

even when there are other people available to help others, we still have a moral obligation to help

question

How does Singer respond to the objection that people don't ordinarily make mral judgments the way he is advocating

answer

he argues that the way people in fact make moral judgments has nothing to do with the truth of his moral principle

question

How does Singer respond to the objection that advocating his very stringent moral standard will lead to a breakdown in moral behavior

answer

he argues that the likelihood of that breakdown occurring is very small

question

What is Singer's purpose in quoting St. Thomas Aquinas on p. 234-235

answer

to support his claim that his (Singer's) proposed moral principle is not excessively out of line with our Western moral principles

question

Which of the following does Singer consider as a practical objection to his proposed moral principle

answer

without population control, famine relief merely postpones starvation

question

Which of the following expresses the "strong version" of Singer's proposed moral principle

answer

we should prevent bad things from happening unless in doing so we would be sacrificing something of comparable moral significance

question

T/F Singer himself favors the strong over the moderate version

answer

true

question

Why does Singer argue that world hunger is an issue about which philosophers are competent to speak

answer

the important facts are not in dispute

question

The purpose of John Arthur's discussion of donating a kidney or eye on p. 242 is to do which of the following

answer

support the moral distinction between a moral obligation and a morally heroic act

question

What are 2 examples of a negative right

answer

1. the right to liberty 2. the right to free speech

question

John Arthur believes which of the following

answer

we are entitled to invoke our rights as a justification for not giving to others

question

In what ways should a moral code be practical

answer

1. it must not assume people are more unselfish than they are 2. it must not assume people are more objective than they are 3. it must not assume people have perfect knowledge

question

Which of the following cases would Arthur believe we have a moral obligation to help others in need

answer

getting our clothes dirty in order to save a drowning person

question

Define hypothetical imperative

answer

an ought statement. If you want X, then you should do Y.

question

Define categorical imperative

answer

...

question

What is the Supreme Principle of Morality

answer

...

question

What are 3 examples of treating someone as a means, according to Kant

answer

...

question

Give 2 examples that show treating someone as merely a means, in violation of the categorical imperative

answer

...

question

Psychological egoism asserts that

answer

people in fact pursue their own interests alone

question

T/F Psychological egoism is saying the same thing as ethical egoism

answer

false

question

What is true regarding the relationship between psychological egoism and ethics, according to Rachel's

answer

if psychological egoism is true then that ethics would be pointless

question

The story about Raoul Wallenberg is offered to do what

answer

challenge psychological egoism

question

T/F Rachel's believes that the argument that we "always do what we want to do" is a sound premise - i.e.. its premise is true and the conclusion follows from that premise

answer

false

question

T/F Abraham Lincoln believed that people always do what makes them feel good

answer

true

question

The ""strategy of reinterpreting motives" is used to do what

answer

support psychological egoism by showing that our motives are really self-interested

question

Ethical egoism asserts what

answer

people ought to pursue their own interests exclusively

question

T/F Ethical egoism advocates that people should pursue their long-term interests, not their short-term interests

answer

true

question

T/F Ethical egoism does not say that a person should avoid actions that help other people

answer

true

question

T/F Ayn Rand was a prominent ethical egoist

answer

true

question

T/F According to Ayn Rand, the ethics of altruism denies the value of the individual by promoting self-sacrifice

answer

true

question

Rachel's criticizes the argument in support of ethical egoism on p. 72 on the basis that

answer

it asserts that we have only 2 options and ignores a middle ground between them

question

T/F Thomas Hobbes argued that ethical egoism actually supports a moral principle just like the Golden Rule

answer

...true

question

T/F Rachel's believes that Kurt Baier's argument that ethical egoism is logically inconsistent is not as convincing as it first seems

answer

true

question

What Rachels calls "the principle of equal treatment" is put forth to do what

answer

undermine ethical egoism by showing that there's no basis for giving ourselves special treatment

question

T/F According to Rachels, treating people in the same way means making sure that everyone end up with the same outcome

answer

false

question

The name of Hobbes' most famous work in political and moral philosophy is

answer

Leviathan

question

Hobbes lived in which century

answer

17th

question

T/F Hobbes believes that people are, when all is reckoned together, basically equal in strength and intellectual ability

answer

true

question

The reason Hobbes notes that with regard to their intellectual ability "every man is contented with his share" is to

answer

support his claim that people are basically equal in intellectual ability

question

T/F An important consequence of people's relative equality for Hobbe's is that they have an equality of hope that they will be able to attain their ends in competition with others who might desire the same things

answer

true

question

Hobbes believed what about human beings

answer

they are capable of only very limited altruism

question

Hobbes believed which of the following about the state of nature

answer

there is not enough of what we need to go around

question

Diffidence means

answer

not trusting

question

For Hobbes, the natural condition of human beings, when they live without a common power to keep them in awe, is a condition of

answer

war

question

Hobbes sees the state of nature as

answer

very unpleasant

question

The point of Hobbes comparison of how people take precautions when going on a journey or locking their doors at night is to

answer

provide evidence in support of his claim that people are at war

question

T/F For Hobbes there is no justice or injustice when there is no "common power" (i.e. government)

answer

true

question

The liberty that each man has to use his own power to preserve his own life is

answer

the right of nature

question

T/F According to Hobbes, the First Law of Nature is to seek peace and follow it

answer

true

question

The social contract conception of morality can be summed up as

answer

morality consists in a set of rules that people agree to on the condition that others agree to them as well

question

T/F Hobbes believes that, without a "civil power" (i.e. government) to compel people to keep the social contract, then there is no justice or propriety

answer

true

question

What does Rachels offer as an advantage of the social contract theory of ethics

answer

it explains why it is rational for us to follow the moral rules

question

What is an example of a supererogatory action

answer

sacrificing yourself to save a drowning person

question

T/F Aristotle believed that it is very easy for people to become virtuous

answer

false

question

Aristotle uses the example of a patient who listens attentively to his doctor but then doesn't actually do what the doctor ordered him to do. The purpose of this story is

answer

to stress the point that acquiring a virtue requires acting virtuously, not just thoerizing about it

question

To be virtuous, the virtuous person must not merely do that right/virtuous action but must also do so

answer

with knowledge, from the right choice, and out of the right character

question

The virtuous behavior between cowardice and rashness is

answer

courage

question

The virtuous behavior is associated with

answer

the mean between 2 extremes

question

In his writings on ethics, Aristotle is concerned mainly with theortical ethics

answer

by practicing or exercising the virtuous behavior

question

T/F According to Aristotle, we develop or acquire a virtue

answer

false

question

T/F According to Aristotle, virtues exist in us by nature

answer

false

question

For Aristotle, the 2 kinds of virtue are intellectual and

answer

moral

question

According to Aristotle, the function of a human being is

answer

to live an active life of the element in him

question

UItilitarianism in a nutshell

answer

the concept that, "the ends justify the means", at least when it comes to pleasure

question

Socrates definition of morality

answer

how we ought to live and why

question

minimum conception of morality

answer

a core that every moral theory should accept, at least as a starting point

question

T/F every moral theory accepts the minimum conception of morality

answer

false

question

T/F Most moral theories use a form of minimum conception of morality

answer

true

question

Cultural Relativism means

answer

different cultures have different moral codes

question

Examples of Universal Values

answer

truth telling, caring for children, prohibition against murder

question

Ethical Subjectivism is

answer

the idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings and nothing more

question

Emotivism is different from Simple Subjectivism because

answer

in Emotivism, moral statements are not judgments but merely expressions of attitude while in Simple Subjectivism moral statements are always considered true, even if they are personal opinions

question

What 2 reasons do Emotivists have for statements

answer

to express ones attitude and to try to influence others behavior

question

Divine Command Theory in a nutshell

answer

morally right is a matter of being commanded by God and morally wrong is a matter of being forbidden by God

question

T/F Socrates was Plato's teacher

answer

True

question

In Euthyphro, Socrates asks

answer

"is conduct right because the gods command it or do the gods command it because it is right?"

question

T/F In the history of Christian thought, the dominant theory of ethics is the Theory of Natural Law

answer

true

question

Theory of Natural Law in a nutshell

answer

the world has a rational order, with values and purposes built into its very nature/everything has a purpose

question

What is an example of Theory of Natural Law

answer

the rain falls so plants can grow

question

As Rachels puts it, right and wrong are not to be understood in terms of God's will; morality is a matter of

answer

reason and conscience

question

Ethical Egoism in a nutshell

answer

each person OUGHT to pursue his or her own self-interest exclusively

question

Psychological Egoism in a nutshell

answer

each person DOES IN FACT pursue his or her own self-interest exclusively

question

Which Egoism makes a claim about morality, the way things should be?

answer

Ethical Egoism

question

Which Egoism makes a claim about human nature, or the way things are

answer

Psychological Egoism

question

Social Contract Theory in a nutshell

answer

morality consists in the set of rukes, governing behavior, that rational people will accept, on the condition that others will accept them as well

question

T/F Social Contract Theory is not based on religion, assumed natural purposes, and assums that people are naturally selfish

answer

true

question

What makes an imperative hypothetical?

answer

it tells us what to do provided that we have the relevant desires

question

What makes an imperative categorical?

answer

it tells us what to do, period! The moral obligations are absolute

question

What is a categorical imperative

answer

Lying is always wrong

question

hypothetical "oughts" require what

answer

us to do what is necessary to achieve our goals

question

categorical "oughts" are possible because we have

answer

reason

question

Kant expresses the Categorical Imperative as

answer

Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law

question

Retributivism in a nutshell

answer

if a person does something wrong then they should be punished

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