Pharmacology Exam 1 – Marian Accelerated Nursing – Flashcards
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sources for drugs (and most common)
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plants, animals, synthetics, semisynthetics, and biotechnology; most use synthetics because they are more consistent
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pharmacology
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the study of drugs that alter the function of living organisms; the use of drugs to treat, diagnose, or cure disease processes or relieve symptoms
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biotechnology
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manipulate DNA or RNA and recombine the genes
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Drug class
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classified by the body system they effect or by therapeutic use
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Prototype
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individual drugs that represent a group; usually is the first one that is created for that group and is the standard which newer drugs are compared to
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Generic
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chemical/official name of a drug (written in lower case)
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Trade or Brand
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manufacturer/patent name of drug
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Patent
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placed on a medication once it has been developed and protects the manufacturer for 7 years, after which generics can be made
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OTC
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Over the counter; does not require a prescription
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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standards/requirements for accurate labeling of drugs
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Durham-Humphrey Amendment
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designate drugs that must be prescribed by a physician and dispensed by a pharmacist
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, Title II, Controlled Substances Act, Categories of Controlled Substances
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regulates the distribution of narcotics, categorized by usefulness and potential for abuse
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Categories of Controlled Substances: Schedule I
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these drugs are not approved for medical use (i.e. marijuana, heroine); marijuana becoming legal at state level in conflict with federal laws
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Categories of Controlled Substances: Schedule II
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okay for medical use but high abuse potential (i.e. opiates, morphine, oxycodone, codeine)
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Categories of Controlled Substances: Schedule III
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less potential for abuse but can lead to dependence (i.e. anabolic steroids)
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Categories of Controlled Substances: Schedule IV
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even less potential for abuse (benzodiazapines i.e. Zanex, sleep meds)
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Categories of Controlled Substances: Schedule V
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abuse potential drugs in these drugs but in a limited quantity that decreases risk of abuse (i.e. prescription cough meds with codeine in them)
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Drug Approval Process
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FDA regulates the process by which drugs are researched and released to the population; 1st animal studies the human studies (4 phases)
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1st phase of Human studies
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to determine safe dosages, routes of administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity they test drugs on healthy people
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2nd phase of Human studies
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test drugs on a few subjects with the target disease and compare to results from healthy subjects
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3rd phase of Human studies
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large double blind studies are conducted with a placebo
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4th phase of Human studies
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drugs become marketable to general use; still in research but now the manufacturer is monitoring and reporting the drug effects (if too many/severe adverse effects come to light drugs can be taken off the market)
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QSEN
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Quality of Safety Education in Nurses; gives nurses the needed knowledge with regards to drug administration
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National Patient Safety Goals
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goals from joint commission concerned with implementing strategies to enhance safety and annually update targeted safety goals; publishes the DO NOT USE list of abbreviations
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High alert medications
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identifies drugs that when used in error have heightened risk of causing significant harm (i.e. heparine)
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FDA Pregnancy Categories (old)
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A - no fetal risk; B - animal studies show no risk; C - a potential risk, drug may be used; D - evidence of fetal risk, but potential benefit to mother so may be acceptable; X - demonstrated fetal risk outweighs any benefit
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FDA Pregnancy Categories (new/ 2015)
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Pregnancy risk, clinical considerations and data; Lactation risk, clinical considerations and data; females and males of reproductive potential
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Sources of Drug Information
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American Hospital Formulary Service and Drug Facts and Comparisons, PDR (physicians desk reference), Pharmacy, Drug Handbooks (make sure they are current and reputable), FDA (gold standard)
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4 steps of drug movement through the body
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
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Absorption
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enters the body and moves into the bloodstream
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Things that affect absorption rate
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route of administration, dosage, form, blood flow to that part of the body, GI function, and presence of food
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3 forms of Absorption, which is fastest and which is slowest
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Parenteral (IV, SC, IM); Enternal (PO, SL); Topical (transdermal (i.e. skin creams)and inhalation (i.e. inhaler); fastest: IV, slowest: PO
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Orphan Drug Act
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decreases taxes and competition for manufacturers who produce drugs to treat select serious rare diseases
