Persuasive Speech Test – Flashcards
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Persuasive speaking
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Changing or reinforcing Attitudes Beliefs Values Behaviors
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Attitudes
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Learned Likes & dislikes
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Beliefs
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Perceptions of reality True / False
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Values
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Right / wrong True / false
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Behaviors
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Taking action
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Motivating Change
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Facts, logic and reasoning Feelings and emotions
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Cognitive consistency
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fits or makes sense
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Inconsistency
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Positive Motivation
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Tailor appeal to audience values
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Negative Motivation
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Threat to loved ones
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Problem - solution organization
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- Inform your audience about a problem -Present one or more solutions
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Statement of Reasons
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Build your case through a series of reasons 1. First reason for / against this
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Comparative advantage
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There is / are solutions being tried or considered. -Compare solutions -Showing advantages & disadvantages -Show how your solution is superior
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Criteria Satisfaction
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Identify audiences criteria (audience analysis) -Show how your solution meets criteria -May be used if audience is not in favor of your proposal
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Refutation Pattern
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Your audience has specific objections to your proposal that you have identified. Audience objection #1 a. describe position b. why your solution is better/assumption is wrong
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Elimination Pattern
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- A last resort approach - The audience is not in favor of your idea but there's nothing else to try 1. We tried this ... a. Here's what happened b. Here's why it failed
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Motivated Sequence
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- Explain a problem to your audience - Present a solution - Visualize the impact of the solution - Specific action steps 1. Action (intro) 2. Need (a. Problem, b. Significant, c. Enduring) 3. Satisfaction: (a. Specific, b. Viable) 4. Visualization: (a. What will happen if nothing is done? 5. Actions (conclusion) a. Specific actions that need to be taken
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Tool of Persuasion
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Claims and Evidence Credibility Reasoning
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Claim
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Statement presented as a fact. Needs to be supported by good evidence.
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Examples
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-Clarify, reinforce, personalize -Comparison/contrast -Personal experience -Representative example/stories -Demonstration
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Statistics
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-Use with examples -Don't use too many (people can keep track) -Identify the source -Translate simplify -Round off numbers -Present visually
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Testimony
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-Accurate -Paraphrased fairly -Qualified sources -Identify the source and their credentials
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Logos
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logical appeals claims, evidence, reasoning
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Pathos
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emotional appeals
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Ethos
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your credibility
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Reasoning
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-Make your case -Link your claims and evidence -Logical -Reasonable -Verifiable
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Bandwagon fallacy
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"Winona state students are upset about the smoking ban on campus" Not every student will be upset about this ^
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Causal Fallacy
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"95% of children who have drank milk have gotten cancer." Everyone who has drank milk, or ate cheese could have gotten cancer.
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Guilt by Association
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"President Obama graduated from the same school that the Unibomber attended. Even back in college he was hanging around radicals." Does that mean everyone who went to college with the Unibomber is bad too?
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Circular Reasoning
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"You can't give me a C in my class, I'm an A student."
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Either or fallacy
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Creates a false dichotomy "To make up the budget deficit we will either have to raise tuition or increase the number of new students" There's other options they could do to make it up.
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Red Herring
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"The real issue is not why the economy is trudging, but why we don't allow prayer in the schools" Politicians use this a lot to change subjects. They turn it around
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Hasty Generalization
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"At college, you will make friends that will last your whole life." Not true for everyone. Making it a generalization
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Slippery Slope Fallacy
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"If we allow this one exception, everyone will want to do it"
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Ad Hominem Attack
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"I don't care if he is a great surgeon, he's been divorced four times" Judging someone on something that has nothing to do with the subject
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Non sequitur fallacy
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"He's a business major, he must like chinese food" Referencing something irrelevant
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Misplaced Authority Fallacy
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"Oprah said she is not getting a flu shot so I'm not going to get one either" Looking to someone for a choice you should make on your own
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False Equivalency
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"Government supported health care will turn the united states into Nazi Germany" Comparing two incredibly different things
