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B.F. Skinner

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Was the first person to describe operant conditioning

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Skinner argued that psychology is the science of

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behavior

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Skinner believed that behavior can be controlled by

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its consequences

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Skinner rejected ____ as a valid personality

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all of the answers -traits -unconscious

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Skinner believed people are subjects who express

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overt responses and nothing more

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The research supporting Skinner's theory was conducted on

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rats and pigeons

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Skinner's influence on psychology

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has wide practical applications

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A positive reinforcement

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increases the frequency of responding

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Random reinforcement produces

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consistent, idosyncratic behavior

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Ivan Pavlovs classical conditioning involves

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All answers

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to condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov

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rang the bell shortly before the dog smelled meat powder

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Skinner said that societies should be deigned so that

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reinforcements cause people to behave in ways considered desirable

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Skinner's term for voluntary, exploratative behavior is

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operant behavior

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A negative reinforcment

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increases frequency of respnding

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Skinner believed that personalty is a(n)

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pattern or collection of operant behaviors

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When Skinner failed to reinforce rats in a Skiner box continuously, the rats

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eventually stopped pressing the lever

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In fixed-interval reinforcement

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reinforcement is unrelated to the number of responses

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An employee paid on a weekly basis operates under a ___ schedule of reinforcement

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fixed interval

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fixed int. interval is hortened response

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increases

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fixed ratio

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higher resonse rates

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slot machines operate on a ___ scheudle of reinformcent

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variable ratio

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Good example of variable ratio schedule

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casino gambling

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shaping a behavior that is not likely to occur spontaneously is accomplished by

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successive approximation

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Secret to shaping behavior is

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reinforcing only successive approximation of te final behavior desired

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superstitious behavior is learned quickly when there are

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short intervals between reinforcemnts

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To Skinner, self-control

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...or.... behavior longest one

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When a toekn economy was instituted in a psyciatric hosptal

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dramatic increae in appropriate patient behavior

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Sarahs mom wants sarah to learn to speak only when spoken to, what kind of learning?

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discriminiation learning

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Behavior modified in a token economy

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usually reverts to origiinal state when tokens are no longer provded

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Behavior modification therapy, unconscious motivating forces are

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ignored

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In behavior modification, Skinner advocated using

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only positive reinforcement

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According to Skinner, human behavior is controlled by

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reinforcers

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Skinner believed people function

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like machines

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Skinner's assesment methods

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preferred the intensive study of a single subject at a time

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Learning is for Dollard and Miller

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Both learning to use old behaviors in a new situation and learning new labels for old behavior

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Psychotherapy according to Dollard and Miller involves

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learning to use old behaviors in situations

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All of the following are ways Albert Badura differs from Skinner except

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all of the above

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Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned

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without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others

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The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his

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idea of learning by observation or example

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Bandura pointed out that operant conditionging is

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an inneficient way to learn certain skills

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In modeling, new responses are aqcuired

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before ever perforing or displaying them

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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of

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modeling

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The behavior of children who watched an aunt model attack a Bobo dolls was

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twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control groups

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According to Bandura, parents of aggressive children are probably

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aggressive

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Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see people doing so. Called

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disinhibition

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According to studies, disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the

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all of the answers

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In modeling experiments, as the similarity between model and subject decreases, the degree of modeling

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decreases

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all characteristics of models are important except

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bonds of friendship between model and subject

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Which are more likely to be imitated

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all of the answers

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Which kind of behavior is most likely to imitated by children

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aggressive

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People who are low in ____ and ____ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in those two areas

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self-confidence/self-esteem

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Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that

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produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes

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According to Bandura, attentional processes

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can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence

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In moedling and observational learning reinformcement

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not required for learning to occur

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Bandura sees the self as a

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set of cognitive processes and structures

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Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by

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self-reinforcement

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If you want competent, confident people, find ways to increase their sense of

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self-efficacy

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Self- efficacy is determined by

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how well me meet our behavioral standards

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Persons high in self-efficacy

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believe they deal effectively with life events

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Seeing other people fail at some activity

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can lower self-efficacy

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All of the following are was of increasing sef-efficacy

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counseling to increase inactive attainmnet

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All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are the except

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modeling is

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By the age of ___ children developed sufficient attentional

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2

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Self-efficacy in old age

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lowered because of declining physical abilities

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Bandura;s apporoach of behavioral modification is based on the assumption hat

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abnormal behavior is learned

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Bandura applied modeling techniques

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to eliminiate fears and other intense emotional reactions

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Snake phobia overcome by

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observe live model then handle snake

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advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can

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be used with groups

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modeling approach to behavior modifiction

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can improve self-efficacy

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arguing in favoor of behavior modification Bandura says it

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actually increases personal freedom

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According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism we are

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along wiht our environment reciprocal determinants of each other

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Bandura sees human nature as influenced by

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past learning experiences

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Research on self efficacy sows that it is

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partly a function of gender and age

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research suggests that women perceive theselfselves as high in self efficacy

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when they have traditionally female occupations

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high self efficacy is associated with

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all asnwers

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self efficacy has been shown to influence

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academic performance

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list of all responses which can occur in a given situation

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response hierarchy

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a habit is

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connneciton between a stimulus and a response

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a cue is

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a stimulus that provides information about the likelihood that reward wirll follwo

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A drive is

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stimulus which impels the organism into action

Personality Psychology Final Exam 4

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