Personal and Community Health Midterm – Flashcards

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The health determinant over which we have least control is
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family history
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The seven dimensions of wellness
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are interrelated
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The seven dimensions of wellness include all of the following EXCEPT
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dietary wellness
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Which one of the following qualities contributes most to one's physical wellness?
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eating well
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Optimism, trust, and self-confidence are components of
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emotional wellness
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Adam's parents are not overly concerned about their son's ability to adapt to college because he has always had a good sense of humor, been curious, and demonstrated an openness to idea. These qualities are reflective of Adam's ___ wellness.
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intellectual
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Occupational wellness is measured by how much ___ the job offers.
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happiness
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Spiritual wellness is best described as having
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meaning and purpose in one's life
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Protecting yourself from exposure to toxic substances in the workplace is an example of promoting ___ wellness.
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environmental
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If you were born in 1900, your life expectancy was approximately.
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47 years
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The average life span in the twentieth century
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nearly doubled
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Which of the following is currently America's number-one cause of death
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heart disease
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All of the following are lifestyle choices EXCEPT
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growing up on a farm
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The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and improve their health is
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health promotion
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In the past 100 years, the major cause of death have shifted from ___ to ___.
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infectious diseases; chronic diseases
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The top three causes of death among Americans age 15 to 24 are
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accidents, homicide, and suicide
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By far, the leading preventable cause of death among Americans is
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smoking
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A goal of Healthy People 2020 is to
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eliminate health disparities among Americans
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Which of the following statements regarding the health of diverse population groups is correct?
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American ethnic minorities have higher rates of death and disability than the US population as a whole
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John, an African American student, has chosen to incorporate exercise into his daily routine and reduce the amount of salt in his diet after finding out that his blood pressure is high. HIs decision to make these lifestyle changes is most likely based on the following health concerns for African Americans.
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They have higher rates of high blood pressure and obesity
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When compared to the general US population, Asian Americans have
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lower overall death rates
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In the US, on average
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women live about five years longer than men
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Income and education are closely linked with health status. The ___ the poverty rate and the ___ the education level, the better the health.
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lower; higher
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People with disabilities are more likely to
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be obese
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Homosexual teens are at greater risk for
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suicide
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The most important factor in determining an individual's level of wellness is
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behavior
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The complete set of genetic material in an individual's cells is referred to as his or her
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genome
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Which of the following are factors that influence wellness?
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all of these
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The following are all environmental factors, EXCEPT
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your genetic makeup
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The first step in improving wellness by lifestyle management is to
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begin with a self-assessment
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The behavior one identifies for change is called
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target behavior
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Part of a successful plan to change an unhealthy behavior is to
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start small
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THe least effective plan for starting to change health behavior is one that
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attempts to change more than one behavior at the same time
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Eduardo has identified gambling as a target behavior because it is interfering with his schoolwork. To help him stop this behavior, he may need to
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find outside help
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A target behavior can best be defined as
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one behavior you want to change
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The belief in one's ability to be successful in the performance of a given task is
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self-efficacy
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Your ability to successfully take action and perform specific tasks, defines the term
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self-efficacy
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When evaluating health topics on the Internet, check the
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qualifications of the people behind the site
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Those with an internal focus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on
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their actions
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Donna is about 25 pounds overweight, has tried a variety of diets, and has repeatedly failed to maintain weight loss. She defends her weight with the explanation that most of her relatives are overweight, and none has ever been successful with attempts to lose weight. Donna can best be described as
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having an external locus of control
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The technique of visualization is one of the best ways to
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boost your confidence
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A strategy to increase your chances of success in the pursuit of a new behavior is to
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frequently visualize goal attainment and enjoy its benefits
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Barriers to behavior change
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can be a source of information used to boost your chance of success
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The most constructive response to a temporary setback in the pursuit of a new behavior is
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accepting the fact that problems may periodically occur
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Teresa would like to begin eating healthier and has created a plan of action to help reach that goal. Her study group meets at a fast food restaurant twice a week, and she has asked them to meet at the library instead. Teresa understands that to meet her goal, she needs to
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modify her environment
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The precontemplation stage is characterized by
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a belief that there is no need for change
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During a "stages of change" behavior change program, some people may lapse. If this occurs, the best strategy for them is to
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learn from the lapse as they cycle back through earlier stages
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The order in which a behavior change strategy is implemented is
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monitor behavior, analyze data, set goals, devise a plan of action, make a contract
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Entries made into a health journal about a behavior should note all of the following EXCEPT
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what your friends and family did
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Which of the following health journal information would be of little benefit in promoting personal behavior change?
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identification of other people's reactions to your behavior
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Anne wants to lose weight and is keeping a health journal to record her progress. Which of the following questions might be appropriately asked in the course of analyzing data from her health journal?
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How many behaviors in my life are serious health threats?
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According to the SMART criteria, a behavior change such as "drink eight cups of water every day" is an example of being
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realistic
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The best plan for behavior change
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works at change systematically
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Chances of success in behavior management DECREASE if
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environmental cues are ignored
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To help ensure success with a behavior change program, you should
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develop a reward system
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Rewards included in health action plans should
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include limited participation in the behavior you are trying to eliminate
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A friend who is attempting to lose weight has been repeatedly "derailed" by coworkers who bring high-calorie snack to work. An effective strategy for her would be to
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choose new target behaviors
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A primary purpose of developing a personal contract for behavior change is to
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commit you to your word of behavior modification
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Writing a contract for behavior change involves all of the following EXCEPT
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identifying the consequences of failure to reach the established goal
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Information from a health journal maintained after a behavior change plan is put into action can be used to
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track progress
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Maintaining good health is
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an ongoing process
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With regard to one's health, which one of the following elements is most within an individual's control?
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behavior
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Which of the following is an example of taking action to modify the environment and support health behaviors?
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all of these are examples
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding stress and the lives of college students?
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it may be one of the most stressful periods in one's life
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The term stress refers to
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situations that can trigger physical and emotional reactions
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Situations that trigger physical and emotional reactions are termed
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stressors
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Which one of the following is a stressor?
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bad grade
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Which of the following systems are responsible for your body's physical response to stressors?
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nervous and endocrine
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The branch of the autonomic nervous system that activated when a person is exposed to a stressor is the ___ nervous system.
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sympathetic
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The autonomic nervous system controls all the following EXCEPT the
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ability to write
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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is in control when one is frightened or angry
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The system of glands, tissues, and cells that helps control body functions by releasing hormones is the
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endocrine system
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During the stress response, the human adrenal glads release
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epinephrine
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During the stress response, which of the following changes occurs throughout the body as a result of the release of epinephrine.
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all of the choices are correct
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Which of the following body reactions is characteristic of the stress response?
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your heart rate increases
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Homeostasis
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is a state of stability in an individual's functions
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The division of the autonomic nervous system that slows down the body as it recovers from exposure to a stressor is the ___ nervous system.
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parasympathetic
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Once a stressful situation ends, your parasympathetic nervous system
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slows breathing
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All of the following are TRUE regarding the fight or flight response, EXCEPT that
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it is a relatively new human adaptation
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The somatic nervous system manages
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conscious actions
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Which of the following nervous systems manages John's moves as he participates in a spinning exercise class?
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somatic
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THe way in which an individual responds to stress is influenced by
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All of these influence the way an individual responds to stress
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The sum of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional tendencies refers to one's
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personality
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Which one of the following characteristics is most closely associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease?
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hostility
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The personality type associated with relaxation and contemplation is
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Type B
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An individual with a Type C personality is characterized by
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having difficulty expressing emotions
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A person who suppresses anger and feels hopeless has characteristics of which personality type?
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Type C
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Behavioral responses to stressors are controlled by which division of the nervous system?
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somatic
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Which statement about people with hardy personalities is FALSE?
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they view stressors as challenges
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An example of a resilient person would be
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a low-income student graduating from college
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According to the American Psychological Association, which percent of adult Americans suffer from stress-related health problems?
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between 70 to 80 percent
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Which of the following is a hormone involved in the regulation of mood and social interaction?
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oxytocin
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GAS is an acronym for
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general adaptation syndrome
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
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All stress has a negative impact on physical health
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Eustress
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is stress triggered by something pleasant
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Mohammad just received an F on his term paper. Which type of stress is he likely to experience?
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distress
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Which one of the following is NOT a stage of GAS?
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acceleration
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The flight-or-fight reaction occurs during which stage of GAS?
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alarm
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Tom is very anxious about an upcoming exam. He has no appetite, is easily distracted, and has a headache. In which stage of GAS is Tom?
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alarm
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During the resistance stage of GAS, the body
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readjusts, regulating body systems to establish a new level of homeostasis
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General exhaustion results when
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a stressor persists over a long period of time
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Long-term overexposure to stress hormones
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has been linked to health problems
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The long-term wear and tear of the stress response has been termed
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the allostatic load
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of the interaction among all the following systems, EXCEPT the ___ system
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respiratory
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Which one of the following has been linked to a high allostatic load?
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all of these choices are correct
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Which of the following statements is NOT true of a high allostatic load?
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it is linked with physical wellness
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Shauna expects all of the following to happen when she is stressed, EXCEPT
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dilation of her blood vessels
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Which one of the following has NOT been linked to unmanaged stress?
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glaucoma
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Which of the following is INCORRECT?
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Being a little nervous before an exam will lower your performance
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Stress has been found to contribute to which of the following psychological problems?
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all of the choices are correct
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About 90% of all headaches are
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tension headaches
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The majority of migraine sufferers are
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women
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According to you text, which of the following are common sources of stress for most college students?
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academic demands and time management concerns
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Americans rated ____ as their number one source of stress
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work
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New technologies can
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have all of the above effects
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Violent surroundings and intrusive noises are examples of
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environmental stressors
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Unrealistic expectations are a type of ____ stressor
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internal
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
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acute stress and chronic stress similarly affect the immune system
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If you are still emotionally distressed days or weeks after a tragic event,
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a and b (that is normal, give yourself more time and consider sharing your feelings with others)
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Which of the following would be the LEAST effective strategy for coping with stress?
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denying the reality of stress
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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding exercise and its ability to help manage stress?
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exercise reduces anxiety levels
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding exercise and its ability to help manage stress?
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three 45 minute walks per week can increase your sense of wellness
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Exercise can
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b and c (release energy mobilized during the stress response and improve your sense of wellness)
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All of the following occur in non-REM sleep, EXCEPT
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the occurrence of dreams
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Peak concentrations of the levels of stress hormones in the bloodstream occur
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during the final stages of sleep
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Which of the following is TRUE?
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dreams occur during REM sleep
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A common time-management stressor is
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procrastination
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Which one of the following statements reflects your text's recommendations regarding the prioritization of tasks?
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tasks should be divided into three groups, and you should ignore the least important group
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According to your text, one strategy to improve time-management problems is to
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divide tasks into groups that can be prioritized
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In terms of time-management strategies, which one of the following is NOT considered helpful to improving your efficiency at completing tasks?
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memorizing your goals
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All of the following are recommended by your text as time-management strategies, EXCEPT
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avoiding unstructured time
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Which of the following would NOT be helpful to you in attempting to improve your productivity?
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focus on long-term goals only
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Because watching television is usually a "time sink" when you are on a deadline, it is wise to
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avoid turning on the television
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Which one of the following is a cognitive technique for stress management?
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thinking constructively
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Which one of the following is NOT a cognitive technique for stress management?
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using imagery
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Phillip is attempting to lessen his feelings of stress. Which of the following would NOT be helpful?
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trying to remember as much information as possible
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Laughter does all of the following EXCEPT
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lower blood pressure
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Laughter may be the best medicine for stress, because after a good laugh your
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heart rate is lowered
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A helpful behavior is dealing with stressful situation is to
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cultivate the ability to laugh at yourself
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Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding the relaxation response?
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metabolism and oxygen consumption are reduced
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Progressive relaxation techniques
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involve tensing and then relaxing muscles in your body
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Which of the following statements is TRUE of progressive relaxation?
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It requires no willpower or imagination
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Progressive relaxation is best described by which one of the following statements?
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it is a process that uses simple tensing and relaxing of muscles
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Which one of the following statements is FALSE?
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imagery is a cognitive technique designed to change typical patterns of thinking
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Carey would like to use meditation to help manage the effects of stress. Which of the following is likely to happen as a result of her use of this technique?
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It will help her tune out the world, temporarily removing sources of stress
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A stress management technique that focuses primarily on your breathing pattern is called
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hatha yoga
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Which of the following stress management techniques emphasizes the use of breathing, stretching and balance?
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hatha yoga
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Tai chi can be an effective stress reducer because it
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teaches students to remain calm and centered
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All of these are considered counterproductive coping strategies EXCEPT
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multivitamin use
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Which of the following is INCORRECT?
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caffeine acts as a sedative
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Approximately ____ of Americans use food as a coping device against stress
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25 percent
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The first step in creating a personal plan for managing stress is to
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identify your stressors
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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psychological health and physical health are intertwined
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Which of the following statements is most TRUE regarding psychological health?
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freedom from psychological disorders is a comprehensive definition of psychological health
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Psychological health is another term for
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mental health
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According to Maslow, basic human needs are ranked in the following order as they DECREASE in urgency
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physiological needs, safety, being loved, maintaining self-esteem, self actualization
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Being self-actualized is characterized by
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realism
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Maslow would NOT have described a self-actualized person as someone who
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remains focused on the idea of the way things should be
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Which of the following statements describes a characteristic of self-actualized people?
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they are largely able to accept themselves and others
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People who are self-accepting usually
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have a positive by realistic perception of themselves
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Which of the following statements describes people who are autonomous?
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they are inner-directed
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Being inner-directed is most closely associated with
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autonomy
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Making decisions based on your own values as opposed to a larger group's is a sign of
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autonomy
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People not afraid to be themselves and be "real" can be described as
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authentic
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The ability to share feelings without fear of rejection from another is most closely associated with
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the capacity for intimacy
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A continuing appreciation of the world is most closely associated with
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creativity
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Alex, age 28, lives in a safe and friendly community, he has a stable job, and is involved in a relationship with a loving and supportive person. According to Maslow, Alex has a chance of attaining
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self-actualization
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Which of the following phrases is the best description of psychological normality?
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what most people do
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Being psycologically normal is the same as
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being close to average
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Our early identity models are most likely to be
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our parents
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One's identity
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is a lifelong process
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Maggie, a junior in college, is changing her major for the fourth time. She expresses frustration about her attempt to chose a course of study that best reflects her and her interests rather than the career path her family expects of her. Maggie is
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experiencing an identity crises
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People with established identities tend to do all the following EXCEPT
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remain isolated
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Which statement regarding the development of self-esteem is FALSE?
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rejected children may fail to develop feelings of self-worth
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Stability, as it relates to self-esteem, is best described as
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a complete absence of mixed messages about oneself from others
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A demoralized person would do all of the following EXCEPT
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take responsibility for unfortunate situations
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A technique that may aid in fighting demoralization is
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keeping a journal of self-talk
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Which of the following statements is an example of negative self-talk?
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"I won the talent contest, but only because none of the other contestants was very good."
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Defense mechanisms like humor and substitution might best be described as
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temporary means of coping
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A person who expects failure and accepts it as deserved is called a(n)
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pessimist
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A defense mechanism by which unacceptable inner impulses are attributed to others is
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projection
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A defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts or wishes are excluded from consciousness is
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repression
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A psychological defense by which unacceptable feelings are transferred from one event or person to a less threatening one is
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displacement
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What is the defense mechanism that allows a false; acceptable reason to be given when the real reason is unacceptable?
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rationalization
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Expressing wishes forcefully, but not necessarily hostiley, describes being
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assertive
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A part of assertiveness is characterized most by
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getting what you want
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All of the following are positive reasons to socialize EXCEPT
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fear of being alone
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If you feel explosive anger coming on, one strategy for managing it is to
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try to reframe what you are thinking at the moment
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If you are dealing with anger in another person, you should NOT
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accept the verbal abuse, as it is usually a temporary display
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for heading off explosive anger?
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having an alcoholic drink
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According to the National Institute of Mental Health in 2009, approximately what percent of adult Americans who suffered from a diagnosable psychological disorder?
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26 percent
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Psychological disorders may be a result of all the following EXCEPT
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good coping skills
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People exposed to a higher number of traumatic life events than others typically
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a and b
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Which of the following statements about fear is false?
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it is a useful tool to cope with life
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Which of the following does NOT play a major part in psychological disorders?
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they all play a major part
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An example of a specific phobia is fear of
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dogs
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Which of the following is a social phobia?
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fear of embarrassment
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Fear of public speaking is actually a
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fear of being observed by others.
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People usually develop panic disorder in their
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early twenties
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Panic disorder is
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a type of anxiety disorder
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Symptoms of panic disorder typically include
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a loss of physical equilibrium
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Fear of flying is an example of
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panic disorder
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Shyness is often the result of high levels of anxiety and
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lack of social skills
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A condition that causes the sufferer to fear future threats, pushing out all other thoughts, is called
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generalized anxiety disorder
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An obsession is a ____ thought
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cultivated, irrational
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Repetitive, hard-to-resist actions associated with obsessions are
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compulsions
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An example of an obsession is
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concern of contracting syphilis from a handshake
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An example of a compulsion is
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constant and repetitive hand washing
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is most likely to occur after which of the following?
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rape
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
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include re-experiencing the trauma in dreams and intrusive memories
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A person who is housebound because of severe anxiety has
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agoraphobia
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After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, PTSD was shown to have affected
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all of the above
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Which of the following is a characteristic of depression?
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loss of pleasure in doing usual activities
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Which of the following is a risk factor that increases the likelihood of suicide?
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all of the above
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for suicide?
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suicide of a family member or friend
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Biological researchers have found genetic influences on
answer
...
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Though ____ attempt suicide more often, ____ succeed more often.
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women; men
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Of the millions of people suffering from clinical depression, ___ seek treatment.
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35 percent
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Which of the following is the best initial treatment for a person with moderate to severe depression?
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drug therapy combined with psychotherapy
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A key neurotransmitter that is important in the treatment of depression is called
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serotonin
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A treatment used for severe depression when other approaches fail is
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electroconvulsive therapy
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THe preferred method of treatment for seasonal affective disorder is
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light therapy
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Seasonal affective disorder
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is more prevalent among people living at higher altitudes
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Which of the following attribute best characterizes manic behavior?
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...
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Manic disorders are characterized by
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high energy levels
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A drug commonly used to prevent mood swings associated with bipolar disorder is
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lithium carbonate
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A delusion is
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a firmly held false belief
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Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of a schizophrenic disorder?
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compulsive organization
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Schizophrenic disorders are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
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extremely high energy levels
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Which of the following statements is TRUE of schizophrenia?
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schizophrenics can be logical in their thinking
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Which statement regarding schizophrenics is false?
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they are not at risk for suicide
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Treatment for which of the following disorders MUST include drug therapy?
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schizophrenia
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For some, self-help can be very useful. This includes
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raising self-esteem by conteracting negative thoughts and people
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Religious belief
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promotes psychological health for some individuals
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College students can typically find inexpensive mental health care through
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all of the above
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Which of the following statements regarding professional help for psychological health is TRUE?
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for some, professional help is a choice; for others, it is a necessity
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The type of therapy based on the premise that the mind's activity depends on the brain and is genetically determined is ___ therapy.
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cognitive
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The type of therapy that focuses on what people do is ____ therapy
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behavioral
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The technique of exposure is used to
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encourage people to face their fears
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The type of therapy that emphasizes the effects of ideas on behaviors and feelings is ____ therapy
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...
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In the cognitive therapeutic approach, patients are taught to
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...
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies have been developed for all of the following, EXCEPT
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...
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Which of the following statements about peer counselors is FALSE?
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they can recommend specific treatment options
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Which mental health professional is involved when a person requires medication?
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psychiatrist
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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
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drowsiness
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Which of the following mental health professionals is a licensed physician?
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psychiatrist
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Which of the following professionals requires the most formal education?
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psychiatrist
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To help reduce social anxiety,
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a and b
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Gonads are
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ovaries and testes
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What are considered the basic units of reproduction in both males and females?
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germ cells
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The external female sex organs are called the
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vulva
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The ___ consists of spongy tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual excitement.
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clitoris
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In females, the prepuce is also called the
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clitoral hood
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The passage that leads to the internal female reproductive organs is the
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vagina
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The fertilized egg is implanted in the ___, where it grows into a fetus.
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uterus
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The fallopian tubes link the
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ovaries and uterus
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The scrotum
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maintains the temperature of the testes
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The temperature of the testes is approximately __ than the temperature of the rest of the body.
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5 degrees cooler
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Sperm are manufactured in
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tubules in the testes
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The sperm-storing structure on the surface of the testicles is the
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epididymis
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Sperm is carried from the epididymis through the
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vas deferens
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The prostate gland
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produces part of the seminal fluid
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The route sperm take is
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testes to epididymis to vas deferens to prostate gland to seminal vesicles to ejaculatory ducts
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The glans is
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the rounded head of the clitoris or the penis
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A direct analogy can be made between the clitoris and the
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glans penis
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Male circumcision involves removal of
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the prepuce
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Circumcision is the surgical removal of the
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foreskin of the penis
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Which percentage of newborn males in the United States are circumcised?
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50 to 60 percent
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Although American newborn males are circumcised at a rate of about ___ percent, that rate is down from a high of about ___ percent in the 1960s.
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55; 90
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On the arguments made in support of male circumcision is that
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it reduces teh risk of urinary tract infections in newborns
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Hormones are produced by
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all of these
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Male sex hormones are
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androgens
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The female sex hormones include high levels of
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FSH and LH
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Which of the following are female sex hormones?
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estrogens and progestins
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The hormones secreted by the ___ gland regulate the hormones secreted by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands.
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pituitary
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Which of the following chromosomal configurations denotes female?
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XX
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Which of the following chromosomal configurations denotes male?
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XY
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Which male organ produces testosterone?
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testes
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The period during which both the male and female reproductive system matures is called
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puberty
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The first sign of femals puberty is
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breast development
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The average age of menarche in the US is about
answer
12 years of age
question
Which of the following is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?
answer
menses
question
The menstrual cycle consists of four phases is the following order:
answer
menses, estrogenic phase, ovulation, progestationaly phase
question
Which of the four phases of the menstrual cycle is characterized by menstrual flow?
answer
menses
question
The release of the ovum is a characteristic of
answer
ovulation
question
Ovulation theoretically occurs
answer
14 days prior to the onset of menses
question
Which of the following is teh most accurate definition of dysmenorrhea?
answer
painful menstruation
question
Place the following conditions in order of severity of symptoms, from least severe to most severe
answer
premenstrual tension, premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder
question
Which of the following statements regarding premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is CORRECT?
answer
it interferes with normal daily activities
question
Which of the following strategies is not recommended to relieve PMS symptoms?
answer
eating a diet low in complex carbs and higher in fat
question
Which of the following is not recommended for the self-treatment of premenstrual syndrome?
answer
decreasing exercise
question
Reproductive maturation of boys lags behind that of girls by about ___ year(s).
answer
two
question
The cessation of menstruation around age 50 is called
answer
menopause
question
In a very large study of women in 2002, the use of hormone therapy was found to be associated with
answer
increased incidence of heart attacks
question
Which one of the following statements about the aging male is TRUE?
answer
testosterone production decreases as men age
question
The most obvious and effective physical simulation involves
answer
touching
question
Areas of the body that are sensitive to touch are called
answer
erogenous zones
question
The engorgement of tissues that results when more blood flows into an organ than is flowing out is called
answer
vasocongestion
question
The first stage of the sexual response cycle is the ___ phase.
answer
excitement
question
Which of the following is not a common occurence during the first stage of sexual response?
answer
rhythmic contractions in the vagina and penis
question
The second stage of the sexual response cycle is the _____ phase
answer
plateau
question
The plateau phase of the sexual response cycle is characterized by
answer
more marked reactions than were initiated in the excitement phase
question
The third stage of the sexual response cycle is the ___ phase
answer
orgasmic
question
Rhythmical contractions of the male and female reproductive structures occur during the
answer
orgasmic phase
question
The fourth stage of the sexual response cycle is the ___ phse
answer
orgasmic
question
Male and female reactions during the sexual response cycle differ in which of hte following ways?
answer
males enter a refractory period
question
The refractory period is the
answer
period during which the male cannot be restimulated to orgasm
question
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of endometriosis?
answer
growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus
question
_____ is a condition in which the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
answer
endometriosis
question
Endometriosis is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
answer
pelvic inflammatory disease
question
At what age is testicular cancer most frequently diagnosed?
answer
age 20 to 39
question
The term impotence is also called
answer
erectile dysfunction
question
A male attempting to engage in intercouse after excessive alcohol consumption is likely to experience
answer
erectile dysfunction
question
Drinking alcohol prior to sexual activity
answer
makes orgasm more difficult to achieve
question
The first step for the treatment of sexual dysfunciton is
answer
identifying possible medical conditions
question
The best current explanation for the development of sexual orientation is
answer
a complex, interrelated set of biological, psychological and social factors
question
oral stimulation of the female genitalia is called
answer
cunnilingus
question
Oral stimulation of the penis is called
answer
falltio
question
The most extreme form of sexual coercion is
answer
rape
question
Which of the following is a part of healthy, responsible sexual behavior?
answer
practicing safe sex to avoid STDs
question
Sexual privacy includes all of the following EXCEPT
answer
dark rooms
question
____ is the natural process of fertilization of an egg by a sperm.
answer
conception
question
The cell that is created from the fertilization of an ovum with a sperm is called a(n)
answer
zygote
question
The fertilized egg rests in the lining of the
answer
uterus
question
If the female egg is not fertilized, it will disintegrate after about
answer
24 hours
question
An ovum or a sperm has ___ chromosomes.
answer
23
question
The basic units of heredity that direct the structure and function of all body cells are
answer
genes
question
Barbara has just given birth to quadruplets - two boys and two girls. At least how many eggs had to be fertilized?
answer
two
question
Fraternal twins
answer
are no more alike than other siblings
question
Alice delivered a set of fraternal twins. Which of the following statements about them is TRUE?
answer
they came from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm
question
Identical twins
answer
share the same genetic code
question
What percentage of the reproductive-age population of the US is affected by infertility?
answer
7.5 percent
question
Pelvic inflammatory disease is most often the result of
answer
scarring from sexually transmitted diseases
question
Kelley's infertility is caused by blocked fallopian tubes. She has no history of pelvic infections or sexually transmitted diseases. What is the most likely cause of the blockage?
answer
endometriosis
question
Emily is 30 years old and concerned about the possibility of infertility if she continues to postpone pregnancy. Most physicians would advise her
answer
to have a fertility workup
question
Each of the following is a cause of male infertility EXCEPT
answer
irregular ejaculation
question
Which of the following is NOT a primary reason for male infertility?
answer
age
question
___ is the procedure in which the man's sperm is collected and concentrated and introduced by syringe into a woman's vagina or uterus
answer
artificial (intrauterine) insemination
question
A common treatment for male infertility is
answer
artificial (intrauterine) insemination
question
The process that results in fertilization of an ovum in a lab dish is called
answer
in vitro fertilization
question
Surgically placing eggs and sperm into the fallopian tubes prior to fertilization is known as
answer
GIFT
question
The hormone found only in pregnant women that, when detected, confirms pregnancy is
answer
human chorionic gonadotropin
question
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone
answer
secreted by the implanted fertilized egg
question
Which of the following is NOT an early sign of pregnancy?
answer
Braxton Hicks contractions
question
Hegar's sign is
answer
the softening of the uterus near the cervix
question
How much weight does a woman gain during a healthy pregnancy, on average?
answer
25-30 pounds
question
Braxton Hicks contractions and lightening occur during
answer
the third trimester
question
The greatest degree of physical stress associated with pregnancy occurs
answer
during the third trimester
question
Which of the following is NOT a common occurence for women during pregnanct?
answer
having limited physical abilities
question
Cell differentiation and subsequent fetal development are directed by
answer
genetic instructions
question
The hollow organ in which the blastocyst embeds itself is the
answer
uterus
question
The conglomerate of cells that implants in the uterus and lays the foundation for the development of the placenta and eventual development of the fetus is the
answer
blastocyst
question
A key event occuring in the second week following fertilization is
answer
the heart beginning to beat
question
The blastocyst becomes an embryo about __ days after fertilization.
answer
14
question
The blastocyst develops into an
answer
embryo
question
The inner cells of the blastocyst separate into three layers. These three layers become the
answer
embryo
question
The outer shell of the conglomerate of cells that embeds in the uterus becomes the
answer
placenta
question
Which of the following is NOT an early sign of pregnancy?
answer
back ache
question
The ___ provides a two-way exchange of nutrients and waste materials between the mother and the fetus.
answer
placenta
question
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the placenta?
answer
it allows a two-way exchange of nutrients
question
The stage of prenatal development characterized by development of major body structures and organ systems is
answer
the first trimester
question
Which of the following occurs during the first trimester?
answer
the heart begins to beat
question
Which of the following best describes what occurs by the third month of prenatal development?
answer
the fetus becomes active
question
The earliest point in pregnancy in which a fetus might survive outside of the uterus is
answer
end of the second trimester
question
An ultrasound does NOT provide information about
answer
Down syndrome
question
Ultrasonography is NOT useful in determining ___ of a fetus
answer
genetic disorders
question
An amniocentesis
answer
is performed primarily to collect genetic information of a fetus
question
The primary difference between amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is the
answer
point in the pregnancy when the test can be performed
question
The quadruple marker screen (QMS) is used to detect
answer
neural tube defects
question
A quadruple marker screen test can be used to help identify
answer
fetuses with neural tube defects
question
An area of research known as fetal programming theory examines how ___ may influence the risk of adult diseases
answer
conditions of the womb
question
Pregnant women typically need to consume how many extra calories a day?
answer
250-500
question
The Rh factor is a(n)
answer
blood protein
question
Pregnant women should avoid eating
answer
fruits and vegetables with chemicals
question
Which vitamin is important for pregnant women?
answer
folate
question
What does QMS measure?
answer
maternal hormones
question
Bonnie's pregnancy has been confirmed with a home pregnancy test. Bonnie should
answer
establish a relationship with a health care provider so that she can receive the appropriate prenatal care
question
The fetus is extremely vulnerable to environmental factors that can cause birth defects during the
answer
first trimester
question
Tertogens are
answer
agents that can cause birth defects
question
Unusual facial features, a small head, and heart defects are characteristic of babies born to mothers whjo
answer
used alcohol during pregnancy
question
Babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome
answer
may exhibit abnormal behavior patterns
question
Cigarette use during pregnancy increases the risk of
answer
low birth weight
question
Pregnant women who smoke increase the risk of
answer
miscarriage
question
Pregnant women with HIV
answer
can reduce the risk of transmission to the baby with treatment
question
Which one of the following is the most customary recommendation regarding exercise during pregnancy?
answer
continue a moderate exercise program
question
Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of exercise during pregnancy?
answer
weight loss during pregnancy
question
____ exercises are recommended for pregnant women to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.
answer
kegel
question
Which of the following is NOT a reason to undertake prenatal exercise and childbirth classes?
answer
minimizing weight gain
question
Typically, women receive how many checkup during the first eight months of pregnancy?
answer
once a month
question
A(n) ____ pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg is implanted outside the uterus.
answer
ectopic
question
A spontaneous abortion is more commonly known as
answer
a miscarriage
question
Spontaneous abortions are most commonly caused by
answer
chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus
question
Which of the following statements about low-birth-weight babies is TRUE?
answer
good prenatal care is the best strategy for prevcenting low birth weight
question
To reduce the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), parents should
answer
put babies to sleep on their backs
question
The first stage of labor is characterized by
answer
dilation of the cervix
question
Strong and frequent uterine contractions are characteristic of
answer
transition
question
The second stage of labor ends with
answer
the delivery of the baby
question
The third stage of labor is characterized by
answer
delivery of the placenta
question
The Apgar score that indicates a newborn baby is doing well five minutes after birth is
answer
7-10
question
Which of the following is not a benefit associated with breastfeeding?
answer
breastfeeding is a reliable form of birth control
question
Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of postpartum "baby blues"?
answer
despondency
question
Which of the following is not an expected occurrence for most mothers during the postpartum period?
answer
postpartum depression
question
A contraceptive that physically blocks the sperm from reaching the egg is
answer
a barrier method
question
A contraceptive method that more or less permanently prevents transport of the sperm or egg to the site of conception is a
answer
surgical method
question
The "typical use" contraceptive failure rate is based on studies that measure the percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy in the first
answer
year of use
question
A woman that is consistently careful in following instructions is labeled as having the "perfect use" failure rate. What is that failure rate?
answer
.3 percent
question
The continuation rate of a contraceptive is determined by the percentage of
answer
people who continue to use it after a specified period of time
question
Oral contraceptives prevent conception by
answer
preventing ovulation by mimicking the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum
question
Any agent or method that can prevent pregnancy is known as
answer
contraceptive
question
In addition to preventing ovulation, the birth control pill apparently prevents conception in all of the following ways EXCEPT
answer
constricting the cervical opening
question
The most common type of oral contraceptive is the
answer
combination pill
question
In addition to hormone pills, most contraceptive packets also include
answer
one week of inactive pills
question
When using a combination pill, placebo pills
answer
do not contain hormones
question
Back-up contraception should be used for how long when a woman first starts on the pill?
answer
during the first week
question
All of the following are true about the minipill EXCEPT that
answer
it has more side effects and health risks than other hormonal contraceptives
question
The benefit of lower doses of estrogen in oral contraceptives is
answer
fewer health risks
question
Which of the following statements about oral contraceptives is TRUE?
answer
oral contraceptive contains both estrogen and progestins, a synthetic progesterone.
question
The most important advantage of oral contraceptives is the
answer
high degree of effectiveness in preventing pregnancy
question
Oral contraceptives do NOT decrease risk for
answer
sexually transmitted diseases
question
Which of the following is probably the most serious disadvantage of oral contraceptives for most women?
answer
they provide no protection against STDs
question
Oral contraception is NOT recommended for women with
answer
a history of blood clots
question
Which of the following actions will reduce risks associated with the use of oral contraceptives?
answer
stopping smoking
question
When a woman is using an oral contraceptive she can recall the mnemonic ACHES to stay alert for preliminary danger signals. What does the "A" stand for?
answer
abdominal pain
question
The typical first-year failure rate for oral contraceptive is ___ percent
answer
9
question
How does risk of death from oral contraceptive use compare with the risk of death from pregnancy?
answer
risk of death from pregnancy is much higher
question
The Ortho Evra contraceptive skin patch is worn for ___ before being replaced.
answer
1 week
question
The ortho evra contraceptive skin patch can be worn on any of the following places EXCEPT the
answer
breasts
question
Compliance is higher for the contraceptive skin patch than for oral contraceptives probably beacause
answer
the patch requires weekly instead of daily action
question
For women who use the vaginal contraceptive ring, when should it be inserted?
answer
anytime during the first five days of her menstrual cycle
question
After insertion, the vaginal contraceptive ring is left in the vagina for ____ before removal
answer
three weeks
question
The NuvaRing offers pregnancy protection for how long?
answer
one month
question
The perfect-use failure rate of the NuvaRing is ____ percent
answer
0.3
question
The typical-use failure rate of the NuvaRing is ____ percent.
answer
9
question
The Implanion implant is a(n) ___ contraceptive.
answer
hormonal
question
For how long is Implanon effective?
answer
three years
question
Which of the following methods is considered a "contraceptive implant"?
answer
Implanion
question
Depo-Provera is
answer
administered by injection
question
Which of the following is a progestin-only contraceptive, providing no estrogen?
answer
Depo-provera
question
A disadvantage of depo provera is taht
answer
after use is discontinued, infertility may result for up to twelve months
question
Which of the following can be used for emergency contraception?
answer
Next Choice
question
Emergency hormonal contraceptives reduce pregnancy risk by almost ____ percent.
answer
90
question
For emergency contraception to be most effective, the first dose must be taken within ___ hours of unprotected intercourse.
answer
12
question
Which of the following statements is accurate?
answer
Emergency contraceptives are available over the counter for women and men 17 and older
question
Which currently available IUD is effective for up to ten years?
answer
Copper T-380 A
question
How exactly does the IUD prevent pregnancy?
answer
It is not known with certainty exactly how IUDs prevent pregnancy
question
The nylon threads that are attached to the IUD and protrude through the cervix
answer
allow for placement check
question
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that use of an IUD can greatly reduce the risk of developing which type of cancer?
answer
endometrial
question
Which of the following statements about IUDs is INCORRECT?
answer
It can be inserted by the user in privacy
question
Which of the following statements about IUD use is FALSE?
answer
Bleeding and spotting may occur between periods
question
Which of the following statements regarding IUD users and pelvic inflammatory disease is TRUE?
answer
Most cases of PID among IUD users can be treated with antibiotics
question
Which of the following statements regarding the IUD is FALSE?
answer
The IUD is unsuitable for women with suspected pregnancy
question
Early IUD danger signals include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
foul vaginal discahrge
question
Most condoms sold in the US are made of
answer
latex
question
Which of the following lubricants can be used safely with a latex condom?
answer
KY jelly
question
Which of the following is TRUE about condoms pre-lubricated with nonoxynol-9?
answer
They are not more effective than those without nonoxynol-9
question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of condoms?
answer
they are as effective as oral contraceptions
question
Which of the following is a disadvantage of condom use?
answer
they diminish sensation during sex
question
The perfect-use failure rate of condoms for the first year is about ___ percent.
answer
2
question
The rate for breaking and slipping of latex male condoms is about ___ times for every 100 instances of use.
answer
1 to 2
question
Which of the following is TRUE?
answer
polyurethane condoms are more likely to break than latex condoms
question
Some substances seriously degrade latex condoms, making them ineffective. Which of the following can be used with latex condoms?
answer
K-Y jelly
question
If a condom breaks, the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of pregnancy is to
answer
take an emergency contraceptive
question
The female condom
answer
can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse
question
Which of the following methods should NOT be combined with a diaphragm use?
answer
vaginal contraceptive ring
question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the female condom?
answer
the female condom is less expensive than the male condom
question
The typical first-year failure rate of the female condom is about ___ percent.
answer
20
question
The function of the diaphragm is to
answer
cover the cervix
question
After intercourse, the diaphragm must be left in place for at least
answer
6 hours
question
While in storage, diaphragms should be coated with
answer
nothing
question
For how long can the diaphragm be inserted before intercourse?
answer
six hours
question
A disadvantage of the diaphragm is that
answer
it must be used with a spermicide
question
With perfect use of a diaphragm the failure rate is about ___ percent.
answer
6
question
Which of the following is a reason that diaphragms have a relatively high typical-use failure rate?
answer
incorrect insertion and positioning
question
Ortho Evra is the brand name of which type of contraception?
answer
contraceptive skin patch
question
A small flexible cup that fits over the cervix and serves as a barrier to sperm is the
answer
Cervical Cap
question
A cervical cap may be left in place after intercourse for up to
answer
48 hours
question
An advantage of the cervical cap over the diaphragm is that it
answer
is less associated with urinary tract infections
question
Which of the following is not an advantage of the contraceptive sponge?
answer
it can be used multiple times
question
Which of the following is not considered a disadvantage of the sponge?
answer
additional spermicide must be applied every six to eight hourse
question
Contraceptive foams, creams and jellies must be inserted
answer
deep in the vagina near the cervix
question
How long before intercourse must vaginal spermicides be inserted to be effective?
answer
Not longer than 1 hour
question
Vaginal spermicides start drastically losing effectiveness ___ hour(s) after insertion into the vagina.
answer
one
question
Spermicides
answer
must be applied before each act of coitus
question
Vaginal spermicides come in all of the following forms, EXCEPT
answer
aerosol spray
question
Vaginal Contraceptive Film is a type of
answer
spermicidal suppository
question
Douching is not recommended for women because it
answer
can irritate vaginal tissue
question
The life span of an unfertilized egg is about __ hours
answer
24
question
Which of the following is NOT considered a "natural" form of contraception?
answer
fertility awareness
question
Which of the following is TRUE?
answer
males and females over the age of 13 can buy emergency contraception
question
The mucus method of contraception is also called the
answer
Billings method
question
The temperature method of birth control is based on the knowledge that a woman's body temp
answer
decreases slightly just before ovulation
question
Which of hte following is often characteristic of cervical secretions during ovulation?
answer
clear, slippery mucus with elastic threads
question
Withdrawal has a relatively low effectiveness as a contraceptive method owing to
answer
preejaculatory fluid
question
Surgical severing of the ducts that carry sperm to the seminal vesicles is called
answer
vasectomy
question
Which of the following statements regarding sterilization is TRUE?
answer
Another form of birth control should be used for three months after the procedure
question
Tubal sterilization or tubul ligation entails the severing or blocking of the
answer
oviducts
question
Which of the following is TRUE about tubal sterilization?
answer
serious complications from the procedure are rarte
question
The Essure System of female sterilization works by
answer
causing scar tissue to form over implants to block the fallopian tubes
question
Surgical removal of the uterus is called
answer
hysterectomy
question
As it is commonly used, the word abortion
answer
refers to artificially induced expulsion of the fetus
question
____ refers to the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or a fetus from the uterus with no casual intervention.
answer
miscarriage
question
When did courts in the US begin to overturn state anti-abortion laws?
answer
1960s
question
After teh Supreme Court legalized abortion,
answer
later ruling gave the states more power to set abortion policy
question
By what year were there laws against abortion in practically every state in the US?
answer
1800s
question
Abortion was made legal by the US Supreme Court in
answer
1973
question
The supreme court case that legalized abortion was
answer
Roe v. Wade
question
According to Roe v. Wade, states may regulate abortion
answer
for the period after which the fetus becomes viable
question
The Supreme Court's division of pregnancy into three parts, or trimesters
answer
gave a woman less choice about abortion as she advanced toward full term
question
During the second trimester, women may choose an abortion up to the point when the fetus is deemed viable, which means the fetus
answer
can survive outside the uterus
question
Most clinicians currently consider a fetus viable at ___ weeks of gestation.
answer
24
question
The percentage of all pregnancies in the US that end with an abortion is closest to
answer
25 percent
question
What did Roe v. Wade establish as the key criterion for establishing the point beyond which a woman's ability to choose abortion becomes markedly restricted?
answer
viability of the fetus
question
What percentage of pregnancies in the US are unintended?
answer
50
question
Since the mid-1970s, the number of women who choose to place a child up for adoption
answer
has dropped
question
The attitude of most adult Americans toward abortion is
answer
that it should be allowed only in cases of rape
question
Approximately what percentage of the population approves of legal abortions under ANY circumstance?
answer
25 percent
question
Those whol hold the pro-life position believe that the fertilized egg
answer
should have the same rights as any human from the point of conception
question
Which of the following is a personal consideration for a woman considering abortion?
answer
all of these
question
Research indicates that women who have had abortions
answer
have neither higher or lower frequency of psychiatric diagnoses than those who have not
question
Most induced abortions occur __ weeks of gestation.
answer
at 9-12
question
At current rates, about ___ percent of American women will have had an abortion by age 45
answer
33
question
The belief that the decision to end or continue a pregnancy is a personal matter reflects which view?
answer
pro-choice
question
Those who oppose abortion because they believe all life begins at conception reflect which view?
answer
pro-life
question
Which of the following is a pro-life view?
answer
all abortion should be illegal
question
Based on national research, which of hte following is NOT characteristic of most American women who have abortions?
answer
first time pregnant
question
When deciding to follow through with an unwanted pregnancy and give the baby up for adoption, the mother
answer
should see a counselor to make her choice
question
In which type of adoption do the birth parents and adoptive parents never meet each other?
answer
private
question
In which type of adoption do the birth parents and adoptive parents know something about one another and may meet?
answer
open
question
The majority of women in the US who have abortions
answer
are low income
question
Suction curretage abortions make up what percentage of all abortions?
answer
85 percent
question
Another name for suction curettage is
answer
dilation and curretage
question
Suction curettage is the most common method of abortion during
answer
the first trimester
question
Suction curettage is used in about what percentage of all abortions performed in the US?
answer
85 percent
question
An abortion option for women in the earliest stages of pregnancy is
answer
suction curettage
question
The most common method of abortion during the 13th to 24th weeks of pregnancy is
answer
dilation and evacuation
question
Which of hte following statements about dilation and evacuation is TRUE?
answer
It requires cervical dilation overnight before the procdure is completed
question
Medical abortion is generally used
answer
within 49 days of the last menstrual period
question
A medical abortion uses what to induce the abortion?
answer
combination of drugs
question
Which of the following does NOT reduce the risk of possible complications from an abortion?
answer
general anesthesia
question
Cramping and bleeding after an abortion
answer
are expected part of the process
question
Which of the following is a post-abortion danger sign?
answer
abdominal tenderness
question
Which of the following most accurately characterizes women's psychological reactions to having an abortion?
answer
psychological reactions depend on a woman's psychological makeup
question
In what way is alcohol similar to other drugs?
answer
Its physiological effects can cause long-term damage
question
A standard drink contains about
answer
0.6 ounces of alcohol
question
Beer usually contains what percentage of alcohol?
answer
3-6 percent
question
The process of fermentation is utilized in making
answer
wine
question
The approximate concentration of alcohol in a hard liquor such as vodka or gin is
answer
35-50 percent
question
Wines with the highest concentration of alcohol are called
answer
fortified
question
Which of the following beverages has the highest concentration of alcohol?
answer
sherry
question
The proof value of an alcoholic beverage is
answer
two times the percentage of alcohol in the beverage
question
A 20 proof beverage is ___ percent alcohol.
answer
10
question
Alcohol is metabolized
answer
at a varied rate depending on individual characteristscs
question
The carbonation in an alcoholic beverage like champagne
answer
speeds up the absorption rate of alcohol, thereby increasing the degree of impairment
question
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between food and alcohol consumption?
answer
eating slows alcohol absorption
question
Which of the following does NOT influence how long it takes for alcohol to be absorbed in the stomach?
answer
time of day that alcohol is consumed
question
The main site of alcohol metabolism is in the
answer
liver
question
What percentage of ingested alcohol is NOT metabolized in the liver but is excreted unchanged?
answer
2-10 percent
question
Which of the following statements about alcohol is TRUE?
answer
some alcohol is excreted by the lungs, which is the basis of breath analyses for alcohol levels
question
The amount of alcohol in the blood, which is used as a measure of intoxication, is called
answer
blood alcohol concentration
question
One reason that females usually become intoxicated more quickly than males is that
answer
the stomach enzyme that metabolizes alcohol is less active in women than in men
question
One reason that women have higher BACs than men after ingesting the same amount of alcohol is that women have
answer
a higher percentage of body fat
question
A man who weighs 150 pounds will metabolize one drink (one beer or glass of wine) in
answer
2 hours
question
At what blood alcohol concentration are you likely to first feel "relaxed"?
answer
less than 0.05 percent
question
What is the estimated time required to metabolize a BAC of .05 percent?
answer
4-6 hours
question
What would be the estimated blood alcohol concentration for a person who is experiencing emotional instability and exaggerated feelings and behavior?
answer
0.05-0.10 percent
question
How many house would be required to metabolize a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10-0.15 percent?
answer
6 to 10 hours
question
At what blood alcohol concentration are you likely to experience unsteadiness in walking and standing?
answer
0.05-0.10
question
At what blood alcohol concentration is pain perception significantly impaired?
answer
.05-.1
question
At what blood alcohol concentration could a person become unconscious?
answer
0.30-0.35 percent
question
Alcohol is classified as a(n)
answer
depressant
question
Initial effects of low concentrations of alcohol include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
sleepiness
question
Which of the following effects of alcohol use are likely to occur at the lower levels of BAC?
answer
light-headedness
question
At high blood alcohol concentrations, people are LEAST likely to feel
answer
jovial
question
A high blood alcohol concentration is most likely to increase
answer
irritability
question
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of an intoxicated person?
answer
improved problem-solving skills
question
All of the following are symptoms of a hangover EXCEPT
answer
cough
question
Which of the following can cause death by alcohol poisoning?
answer
central nervous system and respiratory depression
question
Which of the following is an appropriate way to deal with an alcohol emergency?
answer
If unconscious, place the person on his side with his knees up
question
In a 2010 survey, what percentage of US adult drivers 18-20 admitted to during while under the influence of alcohol?
answer
15 percent
question
Many states have zero-tolerance laws, in which drivers under age 21
answer
will have their driver's license suspended after drinking any alcohol
question
A person with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.14 percent will be ___ times more likely to be involved in a fatal crash than a sober driver.
answer
40
question
The legal BAC limit in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia is
answer
0.08 percent
question
Which of the following is a good strategy for protecting yourself if you suspect another driver is drunk?
answer
maintain a safe distance and stay alert
question
Continued overuse of alcohol commonly causes scarring in the
answer
liver
question
A disease of the liver caused by excessive and chronic drinking is
answer
cirrhosis
question
Which of the following is associated with cirrhosis?
answer
replacement of liver cells with scar tissue
question
Which of the following statements about alcohol-related pancreatitis is TRUE?
answer
Alcoholic pancreatitis occurs in those who engage in binge rinking
question
Some alcoholics show a weakening of the heart muscle, called
answer
cardiac myopathy
question
Which of the following are effects of chronic alcohol abuse on the brain?
answer
shrinkage of both grey and white matter
question
Approximately what percentage of alcoholics in the US experience dementia, memory loss and impaired reasoning?
answer
50 percent
question
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by
answer
impaired mental functioning
question
The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are
answer
both physical and mental impairments
question
Cognitive and behavioral problems for infants born to mothers who drink during pregnancy that is more common than fetal alcohol syndrome is
answer
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
question
Alcohol consumption by the mother can pose risks for the fetus
answer
throughout the pregnancy
question
Which of the following is the most accurate discription of the safe limit of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
answer
no alcohol consumed during pregnancy
question
Early in a pregnancy, heavy drinking by the mother may cause
answer
spontaneous abortion or miscarriage
question
Among people under age 35,
answer
light drinkers have lower mortality rates than both nondrinkers and heavy drinkers
question
Cardiovascular benefits from moderate alcohol consumption may be due to
answer
increased levels of HDL cholesterol
question
Alcohol may positive affect the cardiovascular system by
answer
reducing the risk of clot formation
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning alcohol use?
answer
health benefits from alcohol are negated by heavy use
question
Which of the following would probably NOT be a sign of impending alcohol abuse?
answer
drinking moderate amounts with most evening meals
question
Binge drinking is defined as drinking ___ drinks or more in about two hours, at least once within 30 days
answer
5
question
Alcohol dependence is also known as
answer
alcoholism
question
Among Americans under 21, most drinking
answer
is in the form of binging
question
Among college students, frequent binge drinkers are __ times more likely to engage in unplanned sexual activity, drive after drinking, or get injured than non-binge drinkers.
answer
3 to 7
question
Negative consequences associated with binge drinking include
answer
all of the above choices
question
What percentage of college binge drinkers identify themselves as problem drinkers?
answer
fewer than 1 percent
question
Which of the following is NOT a common pattern of alcohol consumption associated with alcohol dependence?
answer
long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges
question
Requiring more of a substance to get the same desired effect is known as
answer
tolerance
question
Lowered sensitivity to a drug such that a given dose no longer produces the usual effect is called
answer
tolerance
question
The unpleasant physical and mental state experienced when abstaining from alcohol after heavy use is known as
answer
withdrawal
question
Which of the following has a mortality rate as high as 15 percent?
answer
delirium tremens
question
Binge drinking among college students is difficult to address because
answer
it is so widespread
question
Alcoholics who stop drinking on their own often do so because of
answer
an alcohol-related crisis
question
Which of the following statements about alcohol treatment is TRUE?
answer
Different alcohol treatment strategies work for different people
question
An important component of treating alcoholism is
answer
identifying which treatment strategy will be most effective
question
Which of the following statements about naltrexone is TRUE?
answer
it decreases the pleasant effects of alcohol without making the person ill
question
The prolonged use of chemical substitutes in the treatment of alcoholism could
answer
lead to dependence on the substitute drug
question
Eating before and while drinking
answer
slows the rate of alcoholic absorption
question
A responsible party hose will
answer
make all of the above choices
question
Which of the following statements is MOST characteristic of alcoholism among white American men?
answer
A common pattern is a man becoming alcohollic in his early forties after beginning to drink excessively in his twenties
question
Which of the following statements describes a characteristic of alcoholism in women as compared to in men?
answer
women tend to become alcoholics later in life
question
Which of the following statements regarding male and female use of alcohol is TRUE?
answer
women may have a higher biological risk than men
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
African Americans have a higher rate of alcohol-related problems than the general population
question
Which of the following groups has a lower-than-average rate of alcohol-abuse problems?
answer
Asian Americans
question
Which of the following groups has a rate of alcoholism twice the national average?
answer
American Indians
question
What is the addictive drug in tobacco?
answer
nicotine
question
The predominant psychoactive drug in tobacco is
answer
nicotine
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
nicotine is considered a powerful depressant
question
The primary reason people continue to use tobacco despite the health risks is because
answer
they are addicted to nicotine
question
On average, a regular user of tobacco can go how long between dosages of nicotine?
answer
no more than 40 minutes
question
Lynette has not had a cigarette for over an hour. Which of the following is she likely to experience?
answer
all of these choices are correct
question
People who quit smoking suddenly may have all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
answer
increased attentiveness
question
Most of the symptoms of physical dependence on smoking pass in
answer
2 to 3 days
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding tobacco use?
answer
smokeless tobacco is highly addictive
question
The FDA has warned people to not use e-cigarettes because
answer
analysis shows that they contain carcinogens
question
The average age for smokers and smokeless tobacco users to start is about
answer
15
question
Marketers of e-cigarettes say that the devices deliver only
answer
nicotine
question
Which of the following statements about e-cigarettes is FALSE?
answer
The FDA has reported that e-cigarettes are safe to sue
question
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is commonly called
answer
secondhand smoke
question
Which of the following areas of the body will be adversely affected by tobacco?
answer
all of these areas will be adversely affected by tobacco
question
When particles of tobacco smoke condense, they form a brown sticky mass called
answer
tar
question
A substance that directly causes cancer is called a(n)
answer
carcinogen
question
A component of tobacco smoke that seriously limits the body's ability to use oxygen is
answer
carbon monoxide
question
Smokers who switch to low-tar or low-nicotine cigarettes will probably NOT reduce the risk of smoking because
answer
they are likely to smoke more cigarettes to maintain nicotine levels
question
Which of the following is an effect of nicotine?
answer
increased heart rate
question
Smoking affects hunger by
answer
depressing hunger contractions
question
Which of the following is the most widespread cause of death among smokers?
answer
coronary heart disease
question
Heart disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances on the walls of arteries is called
answer
atherosclerosis
question
A heart attack is also called
answer
a myocardial infraction
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding coronary heart disease and smoking?
answer
smokers have a death rate from CHD that is 25 percent higher than nonsmokers
question
Which of the following cardiovascular disease is linked to cigarette smoking?
answer
all of these choices are correct
question
What is the leading cause of cancer death in women?
answer
lung cancer
question
After a smoker quits smoking, approximately how long does it take before the risk of lung cancer drops to half that of a continuing smoker?
answer
10 years
question
Which of the following cancers is linked with smoking?
answer
all of these cancers are linked with amoking
question
Loss of lung tissue elasticity is characteristic of
answer
emphysema
question
Respiratory cilia
answer
signal the body that respiratory poisons are present
question
Which of the following health concerns is associated with smoking?
answer
all of these choices are correct
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
A male who begins smoking before the age of 15 continues to smoke is only half as likely to live to age 75 as a male who never smokes
question
Which of the following is NOT a major form of spit tobacco?
answer
cloves
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE about spit tobacco?
answer
Holding an average-size dip in the mouth for 30 minutes delivers about the same amount of nicotine as two or three cigarettes
question
White or red patches that appear in the mouth as a result of using spit tobacco are called
answer
leukoplakia
question
Health consequences related to the use of spit tobacco are likely to include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
lung cancer
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
cigar smoke contains fewer toxins and carcinogens than smoke from cigarettes
question
Clove cigarettes
answer
contain more tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide than conventional cigarettes
question
Small cigarettes imported from India contain species of tobacco different from those used by US cigarette manufacturers called
answer
bidis
question
Smoke exhale by a smoker is referred to as __ amoke
answer
mainstream
question
Smoke emitted from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar or pipe is referred to as ___ smoke
answer
sidestream
question
Which of the following is an effect of environmental tobacco smoke?
answer
all of these choices
question
Which of the following lingers in the bloodstream for five hours after exposure to environmental tobacco smoke?
answer
carbon monoxide
question
Which of the following is TRUE?
answer
infants exposed to environental tobacco smoke are more likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)?
answer
children are commonly affected by ETS
question
The primary effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children are
answer
related to teh respiratory system
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
research suggests there is little to no risk to nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
question
TO increase the change for success when attempting to quit smoking, you should
answer
enlist support
question
Lynette has quit smoking. She can expect all of the following changes to occur EXCEPT
answer
a lack of improvement in circulation
question
Which one of the following nicotine replacement therapies is available only be prescription?
answer
none of these
question
Which of the following is NOT an essential nutrient?
answer
enzymes
question
Nutrition is best described as the
answer
science of food
question
Which of the following describes the process by which the body breaks down and absorbs food?
answer
digestion
question
In what part of the body does digestion begin?
answer
mouth
question
Calorie is a commonly used name for
answer
kilocalorie
question
Which of the following essential nutrients supplies energy?
answer
proteins
question
Fat provides ___ calories per gram.
answer
9
question
Protein provides ___ calories per gram.
answer
4
question
Carbohydrates provide ___ calories per gram.
answer
4
question
Alcohol provides __ calories per gram.
answer
7
question
Amino acids are components of
answer
proteins
question
The building blocks of proteins are called
answer
amino acids
question
Of the 20 common amino acids, how many are termed "essential"?
answer
9
question
Which of the following describes protein sources that provide adequate amounts of all the amino acids not manufactured in the body?
answer
complete
question
Meats, fish, poultry and eggs are sources of ___ protein.
answer
complete
question
Most plant-based foods supply ___ proteins.
answer
incomplete
question
Which of the following is a source of incomplete protein?
answer
beans
question
Martha is a vegetarian and wants to eat a source of complete protein. Which of the following combinations should she choose?
answer
beans and peanut butter
question
The recommended daily intake of protein is ___ percent of total daily calories.
answer
10-35
question
If you consume more protein than your body needs, the extra energy from the protein is
answer
stored as fat
question
Fats are also called
answer
lipids
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of fats?
answer
contributing to the manufacture of hormones
question
The major source of fuel for the body during rest and light activity is
answer
fats
question
Hydrogenation
answer
turns liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats
question
Most of the fasts in food are in the form of
answer
triglycerides
question
Linoleic and alpha-linoleic fatty acids, usually derived from plants, are examples of __ fats.
answer
polyunsaturated
question
Saturated fats are primarily found in ___ food sources and are __ at room temp.
answer
animal; solid
question
Which of the following is NOT a leading source of saturated fat in the American diet?
answer
poultry
question
Which of the following oils is not a major source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
answer
peanut
question
Which of the following best describes hydrogenated vegetable oils?
answer
they tend to be higher in saturated fat
question
Which of the following is a byproduct of hydrogenation?
answer
trans fatty acids
question
TO control blood cholesterol levels, the most important action to take is limiting the amount of ___ fat(s) in your diet.
answer
saturated and trans
question
Which of the following statements best describes trans fatty acids?
answer
they increase one's risk of developing heart disease
question
In order to determine the presence of trans fat in a given product, consumers should check the label for
answer
partially hydrogenated oils
question
A good source of omega-3 fatty acids is
answer
salmon
question
Which of the following plant sources does NOT contain omega-3 fatty acids
answer
coconut
question
Which of the following best describes omega-6 fatty acids?
answer
they are a form of polyunsaturated fat
question
When reducing fat intake, the emphasis should be placed on lowering intake of
answer
trans fatty acids
question
Which of the following is an effect of consuming omega-3 fatty acids?
answer
inhibition of abnormal heart rhythms
question
The major source of fuel for the nervous system, brain, and red blood cells is
answer
carbohydrates
question
Which of the following foods is a complex carbohydrate?
answer
potato
question
Which of the following best describes simple carbohydrates?
answer
they are found naturally in fruits and milk
question
Which of the following are richest in complex carbohydrates?
answer
grains and legumes
question
Which of the following is NOT removed during the processing whole grains?
answer
endosperm
question
The liver and muscles store carbohydrates in the form of
answer
glycogen
question
According to the FOod and Nutrition Board, which of the following distributions of total daily calories is most appropriate?
answer
65 percent carb, 25 percent fat, 10 percent protein
question
Refined carbohydrates
answer
tend to be much lower in fiber than unrefined carbohydrates
question
The refinement of whole grains transforms whole-wheat flour into
answer
white flour
question
Consumption of whole grains has been linked to
answer
reduced risk of certain forms of cancer
question
The measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels is the ___ index.
answer
glycemic
question
Nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact in plants are referred to as
answer
dietary fiber
question
Fiber can help
answer
prevent constipation by increasing fecal bulk
question
Which of the following is NOT a good source of fiber?
answer
hamburger
question
Which of the following is often added to cereals or used in fiber supplements and laxatives to improve intestinal health?
answer
psyllium
question
The recommended daily amount of fiber for men is __ grams.
answer
38
question
The recommended daily intake of fiber for women is __ grams.
answer
25
question
The primary function of vitamins is to
answer
regulate various chemical reactions wihtin cells
question
Which of the following vitamins is NOT fat soluble?
answer
vitamin B
question
Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?
answer
vitamin C
question
Which of the following statements best describes the role of vitamins in the body?
answer
they are important in the maintenance of the immune system
question
Which of the following vitamins is a key antioxidant?
answer
vitamin E
question
Which of the following vitamins are produced by the body?
answer
vitamins D and K
question
The vitamin deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin C is
answer
scurvy
question
Low intake of which of the following vitamins has been linked to increased risk of heart disease?
answer
folate
question
High dosages of vitamin A are associated with increased risk of
answer
night blindness
question
The best source of vitamin C is a(n)
answer
orange
question
Which of the following enhances the absorption of iron?
answer
vitamin C
question
Minerals
answer
help regulate body function
question
Examples of minerals in the body needs more than 100 milligrams of each day include
answer
calcium, potassium, and magnesium
question
Examples of trace minerals include
answer
fluoride, copper and zinc
question
A mineral commonly lacking in American diets is
answer
iron
question
A food rich in calcium is
answer
green leafy vegetables
question
Osteoporosis is associated with low intake of
answer
calcium
question
One practice that would help with building strong bones is to
answer
engage in weight-bearing aerobic activities
question
Which of the following is NOT a strategy to prevent osteoporosis?
answer
taking more vitamin A (as retinol)
question
Human body weight is composed of approximately __ percent water.
answer
50-60
question
Which of the following best describes the liquids that count toward total daily fluid intake?
answer
all fluids
question
Antioxidants
answer
can help protect the body from damaging molecules
question
Which of the following statements best describes free radicals?
answer
they are produced by the body as a normal part of metabolism
question
Phytochemicals
answer
may help prevent chronic diseases
question
Which of the following is a cruciferous vegetable?
answer
broccoli
question
The Dietary Reference Intakes
answer
are designed to prevent nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases
question
Which of the following best describes the purpose of MyPlate?
answer
to show people how to use the five food groups
question
Experts say that two of the most important factors in a healthy diet are eating the "right" kinds of fats and the "right" kinds of
answer
carbohydrates
question
Which of the following statements best describes the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
answer
they are supported by extensive medical evidence
question
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourage eating more of which of the following?
answer
whole grains
question
Which of the following is a general dietary guideline for Americans?
answer
choose a diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables
question
Which of the following types of foods is a most important for a healthy diet?
answer
nutrient-dense
question
Sedentary people should decrease their consumption of
answer
energy-dense carbohydrates
question
Americans most often consume salt by eating
answer
processed and prepared foods
question
which of the following is NOT a condiment that is high in sodium?
answer
lemon juice
question
Which of the following is not a food group on USDA's MyPlate?
answer
oils
question
Which of the following describes the philosophy behind MyPlate?
answer
showing how to build a healthy meal
question
For a person consuming a 2000 calorie diet, MyPlate recommends consuming three servings of __ each day.
answer
dairy
question
One ounce of protein is equivalent to the size of a
answer
large egg
question
About how many calories should sedentary women ages 14-18 consume each day?
answer
1800
question
Which of the following describes the MyPlate category of calories from solid fats and sugars?
answer
discretionary
question
Which of the following describes lacto-ovo-vegetarians?
answer
They do not eat fish but eat eggs and dairy products
question
Vegetarians who eat dairy products but not eggs are called
answer
vegans
question
Vegetarians who include milk and cheese products and small amounts of fish and poultry in their diets are called
answer
semivegetarians
question
Women who are capable of getting pregnant should eat foods fortified with
answer
folic acid
question
Unlike most population groups, endurance athletes may benefit from consuming additional
answer
carbohydrate
question
Which of the following is a good eating strategy for college students?
answer
abide by the portion sizes that are served to you
question
Which of the following is a good reason for taking a dietary supplement?
answer
you may become pregnant
question
Which of the following best describes a food that claims to be "light"?
answer
it has 50 percent less fat than a similar product
question
Which of the following is a criterion for USDA organic certification?
answer
feeding animals certified organic feed
question
Which of the following is a good tip for choosing a dietary supplement?
answer
Avoid products that do not give daily values for all ingredients
question
A guideline for food safety is to
answer
cook stuffing separately from poultry
question
IF the air temp is 75 degrees F cooked or refrigerated foods should be be left at room tempt for more than __ hours.
answer
two
question
Shelley is pregnant and has concerns about possible mercury contamination in the fish she eats. According to the FDA and EPA guidelines, which of the following should she avoid completely?
answer
swordfish
question
Food irradiation
answer
extends the shelf life of a food
question
In the US, genetically modified foods
answer
can appear in the food supply through contamination during processing
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