Patho Chapters 13-19 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by
answer
myelinated A delta fibers
question
According to the gate-control theory, passage of pain may be naturally blocked
answer
at the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses
question
What is the definition of endorphins?
answer
opiate-like blocking agents in the central nervous system
question
A headache that is related to changes in the cerebral blood flow is classified as a/an__________ headache
answer
migraine
question
Which of the following applies to spinal anesthesia?
answer
the drug is injected into CSF or the epidural space of the spinal cord
question
What is the role of nociceptors? They are
answer
pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means
question
Which of the following statement is TRUE?
answer
young infants respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure
question
Which of the following analgesics acts to reduce pain at the peripheral site?
answer
acetaminophen
question
What is/are the typical effect(s) of psychedelic substances?
answer
altered perception and awareness as well as hallucinations
question
What is physiologic dependence?
answer
adaptation of the body to a drug resulting in withdrawal signs after the drug is discontinued
question
A patient who has developed a tolerance for codeine will
answer
require a larger dose than expected to control pain
question
Which of the following is NOT a common sign(s) of withdrawal?
answer
respiratory depression
question
Withdrawal from any drug is best accomplished
answer
with medical support
question
Which of the following is a synthetic opioid that prevents withdrawal symptoms and improves function?
answer
methadone
question
Which of the following drugs causes headache and vomiting when an alcoholic ingests small amounts of alcohol?
answer
disulfiram
question
What is the official name assigned to a specific drug for worldwide use?
answer
generic name
question
Which is the route of administration by which the larges proportion of the drug dose is likely lost before reaching the site of action?
answer
oral
question
What is the reaction called when two drugs interact to produce a result greater that the sum of individual effects?
answer
synergism
question
In traditional Asian medicine, acupoints are usually located
answer
on designated meridians
question
What are the first priorities in the assessment of a patient in an emergency situation?
answer
level of consciousness and respiratory function
question
A drug that binds with selected specific cell receptors may
answer
1,2 1.) stimulate activity in those cells 2.) inhibit activity in those cells
question
A medical doctor who incorporates drugs, surgery, and manipulations of the musculoskeletal system is classified as a
answer
osteopath
question
A medical history should include all
answer
1,2,3,4 1.) legally prescribed drugs 2.) vitamin or mineral supplements 3.) any medication not requiring a prescription (over-the-counter items) 4.) herbal treatments
question
Antagonistic drugs may be used to
answer
act as an antidote when necessary
question
Which of the following is trained to help individuals with swallowing problems?
answer
speech-language pathologist
question
Which of the following would result from a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood?
answer
decreased hematocrit
question
What term is used to describe a deficit of all types of blood cells?
answer
pancytopenia
question
Following hemolysis, which part of the hemoglobin molecule produces bilirubin?
answer
heme
question
Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize
answer
prothrombin
question
Individuals with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood
answer
lacks A and B antigens
question
Which of the following is considered to be a compensation mechanism for individuals with anemia?
answer
tachycardia
question
Chronic blood loss causes anemia because of the
answer
smaller amount of recycled iron available
question
What is the cause of sickle-cell anemia?
answer
a defective gene inherited from both parents
question
Which of the following best describes the characteristic erythrocyte associated with pernicious anemia?
answer
megaloblastic or macrocytic nucleated cells
question
What causes numbness and tingling in the fingers of individuals with untreated pernicious anemia?
answer
Vitamin B12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination
question
Jaundice is likely to be a sign of __________?
answer
sickle-cell anemia
question
What are the typical early general signs/symptoms of anemia?
answer
pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
question
What is the cause of oral ulcerations and delayed healing occurring with any sever anemia?
answer
deficit of oxygen for epithelial cell mitosis
question
Which of the following is present with pernicious anemia?
answer
hypochlorhydria
question
Why is pernicious anemia treated with injections of vitamin B12?
answer
The ingested vitamin would not be absorbed into the blood
question
Why do abnormally low hemoglobin values develop with pernicious anemia?
answer
shorter lifespan of erythrocytes
question
What are the common early signs of aplastic anemia?
answer
excessive bleeding and recurrent infections
question
Why do vascular occlusions and infarcts occur frequently with sickle-cell anemia?
answer
Erythrocytes change shape of when hypoxia occurs
question
Which of the following applies to sickle-cell trait?
answer
sickling of erythrocytes occurs with severe hypoxia
question
What is the basic abnormality in thalassemia?
answer
there is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobin molecule
question
Which of the following is considered to result from a malabsorption problem?
answer
pernicious anemia
question
In individuals with pernicious anemia, antibodies form to
answer
intrinsic factor or parietal cells
question
In cases of polycythemia vera, blood pressure is elevated due to
answer
increased blood volume/ or increased numbers of circulating blood cells
question
Petechiae and purpura are common signs of
answer
increased bleeding tendencies
question
Which statement applies to the disorder hemophilia A?
answer
hematomas and hemarthroses are common
question
Which of the following occur when disseminated intravascular coagulation develops?
answer
multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors
question
Which of the following substances is classified as an anticoagulant?
answer
heparin and prothrombin
question
In individuals with acute leukemia, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to
answer
1,2,3,4 1.) decreased hemoglobin 2.) thrombocytopenia 3.) constant bone pain 4.) splenomegaly
question
Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because
answer
many circulating leukocytes are immature
question
Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukemia?
answer
decreased platelets
question
Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include
answer
exposure to radiation
question
Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin's disease?
answer
initial tumor is single, painless, enlarged lymph node, often cervical
question
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma differs from Hodgkin's lymphoma in that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma usually presents as
answer
multiple, scattered, enlarged and painless lymph nodes
question
Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving
answer
plasma cells
question
What is the primary treatment for the leukemias?
answer
chemotherapy
question
Which of the following statements apply to hemochromocytosis? It is
answer
a metabolic error leads to excess amounts of hemosiderin, causing damage to organs
question
Thalassemia is caused by
answer
a defect in one or more genes for hemoglobin
question
Secondary polycythemia may be associated with
answer
severe chronic bronchitis
question
All of the following apply to vitamin K EXCEPT
answer
the bone marrow requires to synthesize hemoglobin
question
The Reed-Sternberg cell is diagnostic for
answer
Hodgkin's lymphoma
question
Leukemia is sometimes linked to chromosome abnormalities, as evidenced by
answer
the presence of Philadelphia chromosome translocation in cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
question
Iron-deficiency anemia frequently results from any of the following EXCEPT
answer
diabetes mellitus
question
Which of the following applies to the leukimias?
answer
Chronic leukemias are more common in older people
question
A high percentage of blast cells in the leukocyte population indicates a poor prognosis fro an individual with
answer
acute myelogenous leukemia
question
Which of the following applies to erythropoietin?
answer
it stimulated production of red blood cells
question
Which of the following diagnostic tests would be within the normal range for an individual with hemophilia A?
answer
bleeding time
question
Which of the following applies to the condition disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
answer
it is usually a secondary complicaiton
question
In which blood dyscrasia does pancytopenia develop?
answer
aplastic anemia
question
Which of the following applies to the etiology of aplastic anemia? It is
answer
a,c a.) idiopathic in many cases c.) predisposed by exposure to myelotoxins
question
Which stage of Hodgkin's lymphoma would be identified when several malignant lymph nodes are found in two regions on the same side of the diaphragm?
answer
Stage II
