Paramedic Chapter 11 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Intracellular fluid:
answer
is the water contained inside the cells.
question
In a 175-lb man, intravascular fluid accounts for approximately ____ lb.
answer
8
question
Solutes are defined as:
answer
the dissolved particles contained in a solvent.
question
Cations are electrolytes that have an overall __________ charge, and anions are electrolytes that have an overall ___________ charge.
answer
positive, negative
question
Which of the following electrolytes is NOT a cation?
answer
Chloride
question
Sodium is a ________ cation and can react completely with _______.
answer
monovalent, 1 mEq of a singly charged anion
question
The principal extracellular cation that regulates the distribution of water throughout the body is:
answer
sodium.
question
Hyperkalemia would MOST likely result in:
answer
hyperstimulation of neural cell transmission.
question
The chemical sign for sodium bicarbonate is:
answer
NaHCO3.
question
The movement of compounds or charges across a cell membrane to an area of lower concentration is called:
answer
diffusion.
question
Pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell has the added benefit of:
answer
A) moving glucose into the cell at the same time.
question
The net effect of osmosis is to:
answer
equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.
question
The internal environment's resistance to change is called:
answer
homeostasis.
question
Which of the following statements regarding dehydration is correct?
answer
It is often a chronic condition in elderly patients and may take days to manifest.
question
Overhydration occurs when:
answer
fluid is forced from the engorged interstitial compartment into the intracellular compartment.
question
Signs and symptoms of overhydration include:
answer
edema.
question
Which of the following statements regarding isotonic solutions is correct?
answer
Isotonic solutions have almost the same osmolarity as bodily fluids.
question
It is MOST important to exercise caution when administering isotonic solutions to patients with:
answer
hypertension and congestive heart failure.
question
Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution may be beneficial to patients who have lost large amounts of blood because:
answer
the lactate contained within LR is converted to bicarbonate in the liver and can help combat intracellular acidosis.
question
Hypotonic solutions:
answer
hydrate the cells while depleting the vascular compartment.
question
Which of the following statements regarding isotonic crystalloid solutions is correct?
answer
Approximately two thirds of infused isotonic crystalloid solution will leave the vascular space within 1 hour.
question
How much isotonic crystalloid solution should you administer to a patient who weighs 65 kg and who has signs and symptoms of internal bleeding?
answer
An amount adequate to maintain perfusion
question
All of the following are examples of colloid solutions, EXCEPT:
answer
lactated Ringer's.
question
The use of O-negative blood in the prehospital setting is impractical because: `
answer
it requires refrigeration.
question
The MOST important point to remember about IV therapy is to:
answer
keep the IV equipment sterile.
question
In the prehospital setting, the MOST commonly used IV solutions are:
answer
isotonic crystalloids.
question
Once the pigtail is removed from the sterile access port of an IV solution, the solution must be used:
answer
Immediately.
question
When a patient needs rapid fluid replacement, you should:
answer
select an administration set that contains a large opening between the piercing spike and drip chamber.
question
Blood tubing is a:
answer
macrodrip administration set that is designed to facilitate rapid fluid replacement by manual infusion of multiple IV bags or a combination of IV fluids and blood.
question
When selecting a vein for cannulation, you should avoid areas of the vein that:
answer
pass over joints.
question
When selecting the most appropriate IV catheter, you should routinely consider all of the following, EXCEPT:
answer
the patient's gender.
question
Through which of the following over-the-needle catheters can you infuse the greatest amount of fluid over the shortest period of time?
answer
14 gauge, 1 ¼″
question
If an adult patient is in hypovolemic shock, you should attempt to insert a(n) ______ over-the-needle catheter into the _______.
answer
14-gauge, antecubital vein
question
Large protruding arm veins in an otherwise healthy adult can be difficult to cannulate because they often:
answer
roll from side to side during the cannulation attempt.
question
After observing a flash of blood in the IV catheter's flash chamber, you should:
answer
immediately drop the angle of the catheter to about 15° and advance the catheter a few more centimeters.
question
In the prehospital setting, saline locks are used primarily for patients who:
answer
have cancer and require continuous infusions of chemotherapy.
question
The first step in discontinuing an IV line is to:
answer
shut off the flow of fluid with the roller clamp.
question
Prior to cannulating an external jugular vein, it is MOST important to:
answer
palpate for the carotid pulse.
question
Edema at the IV catheter site and continued IV flow after occlusion of the vein above the insertion site are signs of:
answer
infiltration.
question
The first sign(s) of IV occlusion is/are:
answer
a decreasing drip rate or the presence of blood in the IV tubing.
question
Vein irritation during IV therapy is usually caused by:
answer
an infusion rate that is too rapid.
question
Which of the following conditions or situations is associated with the HIGHEST risk of vein rupture during IV cannulation?
answer
Diabetes
question
To avoid inadvertently cannulating an artery, you should:
answer
always check for a pulse in any vessel you intend to cannulate.
question
Pyrogenic reactions can be largely avoided by:
answer
inspecting the IV solution carefully before use.
question
Signs and symptoms of circulatory overload include:
answer
hypertension.
question
A vasovagal reaction is the result of:
answer
dilation of the vasculature.
question
A lavender-topped blood tube:
answer
is used to determine a patient's hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.
question
IO infusion is a technique of administering IV fluids and medications into:
answer
the IO space of a long bone.
question
Which of the following statements regarding IO cannulation and infusion is correct?
answer
The IO space remains patent, even when peripheral veins have collapsed.
question
Which of the following IO devices is NOT used in children?
answer
FAST1
question
When infusing crystalloid solutions through an IO catheter in an unconscious adult, you should:
answer
use a pressure infuser device.
question
Which of the following statements regarding osteomyelitis is NOT correct?
answer
Osteomyelitis occurs in up to 15% of IO insertions.
question
Medical control orders you to administer 500 mL of normal saline over 1 hour to your patient. You have a macrodrip administration set that allows 15 gtts/mL and an 18-gauge catheter in the patient's antecubital vein. At how many gtts/min should you set the IV flow rate?
answer
125
question
1 mg is equal to ______ µg.
answer
1,000
question
0.2 mg equals:
answer
200 µg.
question
100 mL is equal to:
answer
0.1 L
question
A 130-lb patient weighs ____ kg.
answer
59
question
A patient with a core body temperature of 35° on the Celsius scale has a core body temperature of ____ on the Fahrenheit scale.
answer
95°
question
A prefilled syringe of lidocaine contains 100 mg/5 mL of volume. How many milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL) are present in the syringe?
answer
20
question
If a 10-mL vial contains 1 mg of a drug, how many mg/mL are present?
answer
0.1
question
A 1% lidocaine (Xylocaine) concentration contains:
answer
1,000 mg/100 mL.
question
A hypoglycemic patient requires IV dextrose. Medical control orders you to administer 25 mL. You have a prefilled syringe of 50% dextrose that contains 25 g/50 mL. How much dextrose will you give?
answer
12.5 g
question
Following return of spontaneous circulation, you are ordered to begin a lidocaine infusion at 3 mg/min on your 50-year-old patient. You add 2 g of lidocaine to a 500-mL bag of normal saline and are using a microdrip administration set. At how many drops per minute (gtts/min) will you set the IV flow rate?
answer
45
question
If you receive a medication order from on-line medical control that seems inappropriate to you, you should:
answer
ask the physician to repeat the order.
question
Prior to administering a medication to any patient, the paramedic should:
answer
inquire about drug allergies.
question
A drug that is contraindicated for a particular patient:
answer
should not be administered to the patient.
question
Medical asepsis is MOST accurately defined as:
answer
the practice of preventing contamination of the patient.
question
In contrast to an antiseptic, a disinfectant is:
answer
toxic to living tissues and should never be used on a patient.
question
Which of the following statements regarding sharps containers is correct?
answer
Sharps containers should be puncture-proof and should bear a biohazard logo.
question
If you give a medication via the oral route in the prehospital setting, you should give it early because:
answer
absorption via this route is slow.
question
Which of the following medications is appropriate to administer via the rectal route?
answer
Diazepam (Valium)
question
Compared with enterally administered medications, parenterally administered medications:
answer
are absorbed into the central circulation at a more predictable rate.
question
When drawing medication from an ampule, you should:
answer
gently tap the ampule if medication is stuck in the neck.
question
Drug reconstitution involves:
answer
injecting diluent or sterile water from one vial into the vial that contains the powdered form of the medication.
question
What medication route is typically used during allergy testing or when performing a skin test for tuberculosis?
answer
Intradermal
question
When administering a medication via the intramuscular route, you should:
answer
B) stretch the skin over the injection site and insert the needle at a 90° angle.
question
The IV route is the fastest route of medication administration because:
answer
it bypasses most barriers to drug absorption.
question
When administering a drug via IV bolus, you are giving the drug:
answer
in one mass.
question
Which of the following is NOT always considered a mandatory action after administering a medication via the enteral or parenteral route?
answer
Contacting on-line medical control
question
Electromechanical infusion pumps are MOST beneficial when administering a medication maintenance infusion because:
answer
these devices allow for precise medication dosing.
question
All of the following medications or preparations are commonly given via the transdermal route, EXCEPT:
answer
acetaminophen.
question
When administering sublingual nitroglycerin to a patient, you should do all of the following, EXCEPT:
answer
instruct the patient to chew and swallow the tablet.
question
The MOST common inhaled medication is:
answer
oxygen.
question
When administering a medication via small-volume nebulizer, you should add ___ mL of sterile saline to the medication and set the oxygen flow rate at ___ L/min.
answer
3, 6
question
A 71-year-old woman presents with tachypnea, flushed skin, and postural hypotension. Which of the following chief complaints is MOST consistent with these clinical findings?
answer
Diarrhea
question
You are transporting a 1-year-old child with moderate dehydration. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is 45 minutes. When administering an isotonic crystalloid solution to this child, you should:
answer
use a Volutrol administration set and fill the calibrated drip chamber with a precalculated volume of fluid.
question
An elderly man with congestive heart failure and shortness of breath requires an IV line in case medication administration is necessary. Which of the following IV catheters is MOST appropriate to use when starting the IV?
answer
20 gauge, 1 ¼″
question
After inserting an 18-gauge over-the-needle catheter into the hand vein of a 30-year-old woman and securing the IV line in place, you note edema at the catheter site despite continued flow of the IV. The woman complains of pain and tightness around the IV site. You should:
answer
recognize that infiltration has occurred and immediately discontinue the IV.
question
Approximately 20 minutes after starting an IV on a 40-year-old man, he begins complaining of a backache and chills. You should be MOST suspicious of:
answer
a pyrogenic reaction.
question
While establishing IO access in a critically ill patient, you locate the appropriate anatomic landmark, cleanse the site, and insert the IO catheter at a 45° angle. After attaching the IV line and turning the flow on, you note edema developing on the opposite side of the extremity. What has MOST likely happened?
answer
Extravasation due to an inappropriate angle of IO catheter insertion
question
During the attempted resuscitation of a man in V-Fib cardiac arrest, your protocols call for the administration of 1.5 mg/kg of lidocaine. You have prefilled syringes of lidocaine in a concentration of 100 mg/5 mL. The patient weighs 180 lb. How many milliliters will you administer?
answer
6.2
question
While consulting with the attending physician at the receiving facility about a patient with symptomatic bradycardia, the physician orders you to administer 0.5 mg/kg of atropine to the patient. After recognizing that this is an inappropriate dose of atropine, you should:
answer
ask the physician to repeat the order.
question
You reassess your patient after administering a medication via the IV bolus route and note that his clinical condition is unchanged. What is the LEAST likely cause of the patient's unchanged condition?
answer
The IV tubing was occluded proximal to the injection port.
question
A 60-year-old woman with acute chest discomfort requires 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. Prior to administering the medication, you should:
answer
ask her if she wears a transdermal nitroglycerin patch.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New