question

qualitative data

answer

any pieces of information that are not in numerical form

question

participant verification

answer

ensuring that the final interpretation of data is seen by the original participants who can raise objections to the way their informaiton has been used

question

Triangulation

answer

refers to researches' attempts to compare the same phenomenon from several different sources. e.g interviews used to support observations

question

Negative Case Analysis

answer

Where cases are found that do not fit the interpretation constructed so far then the analysis should continue until they can be interpreted by a theory.

question

Reflexivity

answer

requires an awareness of the researcher's contribution to the construction of meanings throughout the research process, and an acknowledgment of the impossibility of remaining 'outside of' one's subject matter while conducting research.

question

Experimental Realism

answer

The situation in which although the laboratory situation was quite unlike anything in real life, the context of the experiment was so gripping that any artificiality was compensated for by the fact that the situations were taken so seriously.

question

saturation

answer

means that data gathering and analysis continue until no new significant concepts emerge.

question

Internal Validity

answer

refers to factors such as confounding variables, statistical error, bias in data gathering -> alters results

question

Hawthorne effect

answer

Situation where participants behaviour may be affected simply by the knowledge that they are being observed

question

mundane realism

answer

refers to the extent to which a laboratory study mimics events and variables found in real life

question

Positivism

answer

assumption that what cannot be observed and numerically measured is not available to scientific investigation

question

External Validity

answer

refers to the extent to which the result, if it is taken to be a genuine effect, can be generalised to other places

question

demand characteristics

answer

Clues which help the participant to guess what is under investigation and what is expected which may cause the revealing of the experimental hypothesis.

question

Evaluation apprehension

answer

anxiety and fear of doing badly or appearing not socially desirable.

question

social desirability

answer

participants may want to appear as 'normal' as the rest of the other participants.

question

Participant expectation

answer

Behavior of participants when they 'expect' a certain result to occur

question

Single Blind

answer

Participants are not informed about the condition in which they are participating

question

Double Bind

answer

Both participants and experiments are kept ignorant of the expected outcomes

question

Investigator Effects

answer

Referring to any unwanted effect of the investigator on the research outcome.

question

Enlightenment

answer

Is when psychology students become increasingly aware of psychological findings and the tricks used by researchers

question

Audience effect

answer

The audience effect is the impact that a passive audience has on a subject performing a task

question

Transferability

answer

Findings can be applied to similar settings provided there is sufficiently rich data and thick descriptions

question

Purposive sampling

answer

Where the object of the case study is chosen for a specific reason. Often used in focus groups and very suitable for case studies

question

Random sampling

answer

where participants are randomly selected from the population

question

Convenience sampling

answer

Participants are chosen by convenience which may mean that they have a similar socio-economic and cultural background and other similar characteristics

question

Representational generalization

answer

Findings from qualitative research studies can be applied to similar populations outside the population of the study, the populations not the settings need to be similar

question

Theoretical Generalization

answer

the ability to generalise to existing theory

question

Statistical generalisation

answer

Generalizing the findings to the general population

question

Snowball sampling

answer

where the original participants of the study invite people they know to participate in the study

question

Intrinsic case study

answer

where the case study is unique and studied for its uniqueness

question

Instrumental case study

answer

Where the case study is chosen for a specific purpose e.g. a group of pregnant women and a study on stress during pregnancy

question

Inter-rater reliability

answer

Where more than one clinician comes to the same conclusion with the same evidence

question

Test-retest reliability

answer

If a study is replicated or a test taken again, the same results occur and increase the reliability

question

Face validity

answer

when research at a superficial level has been done well

question

Screw-you effect

answer

where participants act in a way to sabotage the researcher's aims

question

Ecological Validity

answer

Where tasks are performed in their natural environment

question

Ethical issues

answer

Consent, deception, debriefing, confidentiality, right to withdrawal

question

Sampling bias

answer

random sampling is done to avoid this

question

Stratified sampling/ quota sampling

answer

when a population can be broken down into groups e.g. a school can be broken down into ages/ gender etc, a specific number of people from each strata is taken to avoid over representation of one group

question

Cluster sampling

answer

a random selection of one section of the population

question

Dependability

answer

the chance that the data obtained will be the same each time

question

Confirmability

answer

Detailed information about methodological procedures should be given so that research can be replicated

question

Data triangulation

answer

involves the use of different data, from different sources--> makes the research more trustworthy

question

Researcher triangulation

answer

Using more than one researcher to confirm the findings and give more credibility to the conclusions

question

Theoretical triangulation

answer

using different theoretical approaches to address a single situation

question

Methodological triangulation

answer

involves using different methods to research a single topic and acknowledging that qualitative and quantitative methods complement each other

question

Reflexivity

answer

the researcher's need to constantly be aware of how and why they are conducting research

question

Placebo effect

answer

when participants show some kind of change although they have not received an active treatment e.g. a sugar pill while another group take a genuine pill

question

Observation

answer

Covert/ Overt/ Participant/ Non-participant

question

Descriptive questions

answer

used to obtain a large amount of information about an event

question

Structural questions

answer

used to try to establish the meaning of important concepts

question

Contrast questions

answer

used to establish how words or ideas mentioned by participants are different form each other

question

Homogenous Focus Group

answer

A focus group where participants share key features (e.g. they all work in a library).

question

Heterogenous Focus Group

answer

A focus group where participants are different.

question

Semi-structured interview

answer

This kind of interview uses both closed and open-ended questions.

question

Coherence theory of truth

answer

The idea that truth is not absolute, but consensual.

question

Representational generalization

answer

Findings from qualitative research studies can be applied to populations outside the population of the study.

question

Inferential generalization

answer

Findings of the study can also be applied to settings outside the setting of the study.

question

Theoretical generalization

answer

Theoretical concepts derived from the study can be used to develop further theory.

question

Participant Anonymity

answer

No one outside the research team should know the identity of the participant/s.

question

Researcher bias

answer

Researcher's own beliefs may influence the research process (possibly because the researcher does not pay enough attention to the participants).

question

Participant expectations

answer

The participants' ideas of the research and the researcher can affect the trustworthiness of the data.

question

Trustworthiness

answer

When the findings of the research reflect the intended meanings of the participants.

question

Method triangulation

answer

The comparison of data which comes from different methods (e.g. both qualitative and quantitative methods).

question

Interviewer effects

answer

The effects that the presence of a particular interviewer may have on the interview.

question

Rich Data

answer

Data that is detailed and comes from a natural environment, rather than an artificial laboratory setting

question

Narrative Interviews - what are they?

answer

interview where the participant expresses their experience of something in the form of a narrative - they provide insight into how they interpret the world. the goal: see how people impose a kind of order on their experiences so as to make sense of events in their lives

question

Narrative Interviews - Strengths

answer

very holistic approach for an individual - leads to in-depth data very naturalistic + supportive means of sharing information

question

Narrative Interviews - Limitations

answer

leads to enormous amount of data - may be difficult to analyse since many narrative interviews ask participants to share past experience, it may be highly susceptible to the effects of reconstructive memory

Paper 3 IB Psych

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards