question

Our organizational world is ____ complicated than world of the past

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more

question

Four major things that have impacted us: G - companies are branching out over the world T - C C - we have to worry now about what we're putting out in the air C D - who lives in our country. How that has changed during the years

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globalization, terrorism, climate change, changing demographics

question

what all 3 classical approaches have in common: *Importance for specialization- Division of labor - think about Subway, one person cuts the bread & puts cheese & meat on, then they pass it down, etc. -- We ask one person to specialize in a particular position *Standardization - if something breaks, we can replace it quickly *Replaceability - goes along with standardization, if someone falls out they can replace them easily *Predictability - our vehicles are predictable. If we follow all the rules like we're supposed to, then the expectation is that everything will work correctly

answer

The Machine Metaphor

question

Importance for ________ Division of labor - think about Subway, one person cuts the bread & puts cheese & meat on, then they pass it down, etc. We ask one person to specialize in a particular position

answer

specialization

question

S________ - if something breaks, we can replace it quickly

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standardization

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R________ - goes along with standardization, if someone falls out they can replace them easily

answer

Replaceability

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P______ - our vehicles are predictable. If we follow all the rules like we're supposed to, then the expectation is that everything will work correctly

answer

Predictability

question

______ Theory of Classical Management: Elements of management - *Planning - Look to the future to determine best way to attain goals *Organizing - arrangement of human resources (employees and evaluation of them *Command - managers set task to meet organizational goals *Coordination - activities harmonized into single whole *Control - comparison between goal and activities to ensure function of organization in manner planned

answer

Fayol's

question

Fayol's Theory of Classical Management: planning - look to the ______ to determine best way to attain goals command - _______ set task to meet organizational goals

answer

future, managers

question

Classical Management in Organizations TODAY: *Classical management "thought"______ ex: one best way to do something - McDonald's Big Mac has always been the same.

answer

prevalent

question

Classical Job Design and Rewards in Today's Organizations: - Often looking for ___ ___ way to accomplish tasks - Fitting the ____ to the individual - Concerned with role of financial rewards in ______

answer

one best, job, motivation

question

_______-Related Communication - more manager level

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Innovation

question

_________-Related Communication - social comm line

answer

Maintenance

question

COMMUNICATION in CLASSICAL organizations: *direction of communication flow - ______ *mode/channel of communication - ______ *style of communication - ______

answer

vertical (downward), written, formal

question

Taylor's Theory of Scientific Management *Concentrated on ______ level of organizational functioning - (relationship between manager & employee & how he controls the employees)

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micro

question

Two things that got Taylor thinking - how do we particularly learn a new job ex: idk why we do it that way we just always have another thing was ____ ____: I'm going to pay you 20 cents for every 20 bricks - another guy does 200 in one hour so the manager came in and _____ the pay down.

answer

rate busters

question

Taylor's Theory of Scientific Management: - There's only one best way to do every job- _____ __ _____ _____: would do multiple tasks & would chose one way that was the best way. Then that one best way is taught to everyone

answer

time & motion studies

question

Taylor's Theory of ______ Management: - Proper _____ of workers - test to see if this worker will be the best for that particular task - Training workers in a manner suggested by ____ & _____ studies (only the first/best workers could stay)

answer

Scientific, selection, time & motion

question

Time & motion studies were thought of by ______

answer

Taylor

question

who's theory: there is an inherent difference between management & workers - (managers are best suited for thinking & planning - if you were in the main labor part, he didn't even want you to think - that's the managers job.) - workers are best suited for laboring

answer

taylor

question

Who believed that Scientific management should correct past problems? & how - - the problem of _____ work should be eliminated - no more rate busting - systematic soldiering will be diluted

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Taylor, uneven

question

someone new comes in, it takes 3 days to do inventory. Someone new comes in & she can do it so much faster but other employees tell her to slow down because they want to be lazy -- Social pressuring - they were known as sometimes being the enemy

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systematic soldiering

question

Fayol's principles of ________ structure: - scalar chain - Unity of command - Unity of direction - Division of labor - Order - Span of control

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organizational

question

Fayol's principles of Organizational structure: * Scalar chain - _______ ______ * Unity of command - employee should receive orders regarding a particular task from ____ ____ _____ * Unity of direction - * Division of labor - every person is assigned to their ____ task * order * Span of control - managers are most effective if they have control of _____ employees

answer

vertical hierarchy, only one supervisor, special, limited

question

Fayol - Principle of Organizational Power ________ - central management has control over decision making & employee activities ______ & ______ - comes from the position you hold & your personal characteristics (ex: intelligence & experience) _______ - all members of the organization must know the rules & follow them, & enforcers must enforce them

answer

centralization, authority & responsibility, discipline

question

horizontal communication of employees at same hierarchical level to accomplish organizational goals

answer

Fayol's bridge

question

Fayol - Principle of Organizational _____ - centralization - authority & responsibility - discipline

answer

power

question

Fayol - Principles of Organizational Attitude: ________ of individual interest to general interest - the only way an organization can be successful is if the organization goals come before your personal goal ______ - managers treat the employee who puts the company first better than the employee who just thinks of themselves ____ __ ____ - "all in one & one for all"

answer

subordination, initiative, esprit de corps

question

Max Weber's theory of ________ He takes a more ________ approach. termed 'ideal type' theory

answer

bureaucracy, scholarly

question

Fayol's theory provides prescriptions to _______ about how organizations should be run

answer

managers

question

Weber - six facets of bureaucracy (first 3 are very similar to Fayol) 1. Clearly defined hierarchy 2. Division of labor 3. Centralization 4. Relatively ______ system - a bureaucracy should shut itself off from the influence of outside environments 5. ________ of rules - there should be a rule for everything 6. functioning of ______ - most important, based on 3 grounds

answer

closed, importance, authority

question

Thompson extends off Weber's closed system idea and states that organizations have: _______ _____ - must be structured & buffer around them. ex: doctors office - the core is the doctor/patient relationship. Nurse comes in, she buffers everyone away so they don't interrupt the appointment, so it's all buffered to keep that core intact.

answer

technical cores

question

Weber's theory: functioning of authority is based on 3 grounds: - ________ - (legitimate authority) based off long standing beliefs. ex: queen of england, she has power. It's customary for her to have the power. - ________ - authority of your ability to attract & interact with others. People like cult-leaders. Their authority rely's on people following you because of personality. this one is not a stable authority, it comes & goes - ______-______ - most important. Dominates the bureaucratic system. based on rational application of rules developed through a reliance on info & expertise.

answer

traditional, charismatic, rational-legal

question

type of authority - based on rational application of rules developed on info & expertise. power rests not on the individual but in the expertise & rationality that have created a system of norms & rules ex: obedience is thus given to the norms rather than to the person

answer

rational-legal

question

type of authority - authority of your ability to attract & interact with others. People like cult-leaders. Their authority rely's on people following you because of personality. This one is not a stable authority, it comes & goes

answer

Charismatic

question

military organizations, manufacturing & service organizations, & nonprofit organizations all use the ________ structure. - Division of labor and strict hierarchy

answer

classical

question

Classical organizational theories all use the machine metaphor, in which organizations are conceptualized as highly S______ S______ & P______

answer

standardized, specialized, predictable

question

Fayol's theory is _______ not descriptive

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prescriptive

question

The Hawthorne studies: Mayo & research team interested in -- how changes in work ________ would impact ________ of factory workers.

answer

environment, productivity

question

First study that was done before Mayo, but tested the influence of lighting level on worker productivity. It didn't make a difference

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The illumination studies

question

Study done by Mayo: They picked 6 women & put together telephone relay systems. Factory assembly like work. They got rest breaks, refreshments, work hour changes - They were giving them perks

answer

The Relay Assembly Test Room studies

question

What were the results of the Relay Assembly Test Room studies? productivity went _____ because of the fact that they were ______. They felt more appreciative

answer

up, special

question

After the results of the relay assembly studies, the interview program wanted to learn more about the impact of working conditions on productivity. The interviewers found workers more interested in talking about their ______ & ______

answer

feelings & attitudes

question

study that involved naturalistic (non-experimental) observation of a group of men who set up wires & just observed employees. they found that the fast ones were encouraged to slow down, and the slow ones were encouraged to speed up

answer

the bank wiring studies

question

Mayo and his colleagues turned the Hawthorne explanations that revolved around the ______ & ______ needs of workers.

answer

social & emotional

question

subsequent analysis of data suggest that Mayo & colleagues ____ _____ _____.

answer

were not correct

question

Reanalyses of Mayo's explanation suggested more traditional explanations: - ______ - _____ from management - worker _______

answer

incentives, pressure, selection

question

Maslow developed his Hierarchy of Needs theory as a general theory of human ________

answer

motivation

question

Maslow's needs: 1. _________ - needs of the human body - "living wage" to allow purchase of food, clothing 2. _____ - desire to be free from danger - physically safe working conditions 3. ______ - belonging needs - social relationships with coworkers 4. ______ - desire of individuals to feel a sense of achievement & accomplishment. - internal - rewarding work - external - bonus pay 5. ____-_____ - to become everything that one is capable of becoming - work allowing the exercise of creativity

answer

physiological, safety, affiliation, esteem, self-actualization

question

Maslow's hierarchy of Needs serves as a prototype of a ______ _______ approach to organizing & management

answer

human relations

question

Maslow proposed that the five types of needs are arranged in a hierarchy of _______. - Lower level needs must be satisfied first - so, social relationships on the job will not be satisfying if the organization doesn't provide good wages & working conditions

answer

prepotency

question

McGregor was one of the strongest advocates of the human _______ movement.

answer

relations

question

McGregors Theory _ - A manager is influenced by most NEGATIVE aspects of classical management theories

answer

X

question

McGregors Theory _ - A manager who follows the precepts of the human relations movement

answer

Y

question

propositions of Theory X Manager: - responsible for _______ - people must be ______ & ______ human nature: -- average man works little as possible -- lacks ambition - prefers to be led -- inherently self-centered -- resistant to change -- gullible

answer

organizing, controlled & motivated

question

Theory Y view of Human Nature: workers are already highly _________ job of manager is to bring out the natural tendencies of workers. "I know how well you can do, I just want you to do it"

answer

motivated

question

- Expenditure of effort natural - external control and punishment are not only means - man will exercise self-direction & self-control - commitment to objectives function of rewards associated with achievement - average human accepts responsibility - capacity to exercise imagination and ingenuity not rare - intellectual potentialities only partially utilized

answer

theory Y view of human nature

question

Employees in human relations theories are not only motivated by financial gain, but by desire to _____ these higher-order needs

answer

satisfy

question

the Machine Metaphor - Classical theorist ______ - human relations

answer

family

question

Family - emphasizes relationships as central to our understanding or organizational functioning. Just as a machine thrives on precision and regularity, a family thrives when needs are fulfilled and opportunities are provided for ____-______ - parents (like managers) are responsible

answer

self-actualization

question

worker output increased as result of attention - this is called the - ______ _____

answer

Hawthorne effect

question

Hawthorne effect - worker output increased as result of _________

answer

attention

question

the human RESOURCES approach has emphasis on ________ contributions of employees - looking at thoughts, feelings & emotions of our employees

answer

cognitive

question

satisfaction does not always lead to ________

answer

productivity

question

(Blake & Mouton - the Managerial Grid) Impoverished management - ____ concern for people - ____ concern for production

answer

low, low

question

(Blake & Mouton - the Managerial Grid) Authority compliance - - ____ concern for people - ____ concern for production - All they care about is money.

answer

low, high

question

(Blake & Mouton - the Managerial Grid) Country Club management - - ____ concern for people - ____ concern for production (think country club, what can I do for you?)

answer

high, low

question

(Blake & Mouton - the Managerial Grid) Middle-of-the-Road- Management -

answer

right in the middle

question

(Blake & Mouton - the Managerial Grid) team management - committed employees - ____ concern for people - ____ concern for production

answer

high, high

question

Likert's system 1 - Exploitive Authoritative organization * motivation through ______ & _____ * _______ & inaccurate communication * top-level decision-making & control * giving of orders - combination of all the worst things about Classical & scientific management

answer

threats & fear, downward

question

Likert's System 2 - Benevolent Authoritative Organization - Motivation through _____ & ___ rewards - _____ communication - decision making at ____ - goal setting through orders - top-level control - doesn't exploit workers, but managers still believe they know what is "best for their workers" managers - "I know what's best for you"

answer

economic & ego, limited, top

question

Likert's system 3 - Consultative organization - decisions still made at top - before decisions are made, employees are consulted & their ____ are taken into consideration - _____ are set after _______ - communication moves up & down - people at the bottom have something to say too

answer

views, goals (after) discussion

question

System 4 - Participative organization - decision making is performed by _______ - ____ are set by complete work groups - communication flows in all directions - provide what people want

answer

everyone, goals,

question

What system represents the move from the worst scientific & classical management has to offer to human resources organization

answer

Likert's system

question

Human resources approach is distinct: - aspires to maximize organizational productivity & individual ____ _______ - emphasizes ________ employee ideas can make to organizational functioning - they are buying your ideas, your work ethic

answer

need satisfaction, contributions

question

Classical communication content - ____ communication direction - ____ channel - usually _____ style - _____

answer

task, vertical, written, formal

question

Human Relations approach: communication content - ____ communication direction - ____ channel - _____ style - _____

answer

task & social, vertical & horizontal, face to face, informal

question

Human Resources approach: communication content - ____ communication direction - ____ channel - _____ style - _____

answer

task, social, innovation, all directions, all channels, both (especially informal)

question

Human relations ideas today are seen in _______ of management toward employees. ex: if a organization need to shut down, management would be likely to consider both economic issues & human factors - such as the needs of workers & families.

answer

attitude

question

Horizontal communication is emphasized in which approach? It encourages communication among employees

answer

Human Relations

question

Human relations principles can be seen in today's organizations in the area of ____ _______

answer

job design

question

in general, it is the principles of human _____ theorists that are most often reflected in today's organizations.

answer

resources

question

The two most important developments in the Human Resources area are the - consideration of organizations as ______ ______ - development of systems of _______ management

answer

learning systems, knowledge

question

_____ _____ - (Senge 1990) those that emphasize mental flexibility, team learning, a shared vision, complex thinking, and personal mastery.

answer

learning organizations

question

_______ _____ - these people see the organization as embodying a cycle of knowledge creation, development & application

answer

knowledge management

question

the "what" of human resources programs - ____ management - - _____ involvement - process that uses the entire capacity of workers, designed to encourage employee commitment to success

answer

team, employee

question

The "how" of Human Resources Programs - Research suggests these programs often don't work - more than a belief is required for ______: *know when team based management is appropriate *consider the attitudes of top management *deal with cynicism about change *facilitate the translation process

answer

success

question

____ management is appropriate when: - work cuts across functional lines - a diverse & complex organization environment - a rapidly changing workplace in which innovation is critical

answer

team

question

Pfeffer labels team management & employee involvement as "____ _____ ____" in his book The Human Equation. The book highlights seven practices following the human resources principles

answer

putting people first

question

Pfeffer's Seven Practices of Successful Organizations: - employment ______ - _____ hiring - self-managed teams & decentralization - high & contingent compensation (connects performance outcomes w. critical rewards) - extensive ______ - ______ of status differences - sharing information

answer

security, selective, training, reduction

question

The Hawthorne studies emphasis the ______ aspects of organizations but lack in _____ value

answer

social, scientific

question

Blake & Mouton developed the Managerial Grid which is now called the _______ grid. It's a tool for training managers in leadership styles that would enhance efficiency, effectiveness, satisfaction & creativity.

answer

leadership

question

in the slashing the ER waiting Times case study. Before the committee was formed, 3 outside consultants failed. After the committee was formed, they saved over _____ hours

answer

2,000

question

From the Slashing the ER Waiting Times case study, we can conclude that even with the work of highly skilled human ______, there are sometimes economic & organizational limits

answer

resources

question

Roots from Critical approaches were found in ____. He believed that _____ would reveal fundamental truths about human social condition

answer

Marx, critique

question

The most widely known widespread off of Marx's work was from the ______ school of critical theory

answer

Frankfurt

question

Critical theorists agree on: _______ of power lead to alienation & oppression

answer

imbalances

question

No concept is as important as ____ for critical theorist

answer

power

question

Power is equated with: control and _______

answer

domination

question

Traditional Approach of Power: - stable ____ (independence) - how does power impact job satisfaction & performance - we equate power with control of ______ (would be adopted by classical & human relations theorist)

answer

entity, resources

question

Symbological Approach of Power: - see power as a product of our _______ & relationships - how does communication constitute understanding - how does power effect us (would be adopted by cultural theorist)

answer

interactions

question

Radical-Critical Approach of Power: - concerned with "deep ______" that produce & reproduce relationships in organizational life. (contradiction between surface structure & deep structure - say one thing but act another) - look @ social status & how that impacts social power - (private law firms look for a certain type of employee, relaxed, drives a certain car, good-looking, etc.)

answer

structures

question

_____ of production - economic conditions that underlie production process - what can we afford?

answer

modes

question

____ of production - the actual work process - this can lead us to oppression - if bosses have control over the work process that leaves employees to become alienated (repetitive & boring jobs - assembly line guy)

answer

means

question

Control of Discourse: Critical scholars believe that - reality created through discourse is the site of ______

answer

domination

question

(Critical theories - control of discourse) Decision ______ serve as source of unobtrusive control

answer

premises

question

(Critical - Control of discourse) Discursive constructions in regulatory manuals can influence _______

answer

industries

question

______: Structures our thoughts & controls interpretations of reality - involves assumptions that are rarely questioned - influences our perceptions of situations & events - tied to systems of power & domination (if I'm very conservative, I rarely question - you could tell me some liberal threw 50 million dollars out of a plane & I would say I'm sure they did - you don't question it)

answer

ideology

question

ideology can influence our _____. it involves ______ that are rarely questioned

answer

behavior, assumptions

question

_______: Process in which dominant group leads another group to accept subordination as the norm - this is _________ consent (ex: Mexicans - they accept subordination because it's better then what they used to get, so they go with it)

answer

Hegemony, manufactured

question

______ _______: as employees, we willingly adopt and reinforce power structures. involves attempts by various groups to articulate meaning systems that are actively taken up by other groups

answer

manufactured consent:

question

ideology shapes our understanding about what _____, what is _____ and what is _____

answer

exist, good, possible

question

The goal of critical model is _______ (set free) - They want to go in there & break down & try and get them to open up & let them know that they're being oppressed. - reveal social structures & processes that led to ideological hegemony.

answer

emancipation

question

The possibility of emancipation is further emphasized in Giddens _____ _ _____ - argues that power relations are never fixed, subordinates can always exercise some degree of control over the conditions of hegemonic reproduction

answer

dialectic of control

question

In critical comm research, the dialectic of control is most clearly illustrated in work on ______ in workplace

answer

resistance

question

Resistance considers how workers can exert __________ on this exercise of power and control

answer

counterpressure

question

Theory of Concertive Control - How power relationships can be transformed in an era of team-based & alternative form organizations. Before it was individuals, now its _____

answer

teams

question

The underlying assumptions of critical approaches provide a view that is both _____ and _____

answer

sobering, hopeful

question

Theory of Concertive Control: _____ control - direct & authoritarian exertion of control in workplace - enforcing strict obedience to authority

answer

simple

question

3 concepts that are important to the Concertive Control theory: C_____ I_____ D_____

answer

control, identification, discipline

question

Theory of Concertive Control: _____ control - control that is exerting through technology - assembly lines, computer programs - by how we do the job

answer

technological

question

Theory of Concertive Control: _____ control - power based on Hierarchy

answer

bureaucratic

question

Concertive control - power shifts from management to workers. - Role of management is to provide a ____-_____ vision - they provide vision of the company

answer

value-based

question

______: - perception of oneness with a collective - individual defines self in terms of collective - will act in accordance with those values even in the absence of simple, technological, or bureaucratic control. The team puts the pressure

answer

identification

question

______: Foucault - discipline embedded within "discursive formations" of social group - group itself will develop their own rewards & punishments Values may emanate from management, but discipline meted about by work group

answer

Discipline -

question

_____ feminists - they believe the only emancipation for women is if we get rid of all the male dominated companies.

answer

radical

question

____ feminists - believes that we as women must work within our own organizations to gain control

answer

liberal

question

_____ - theory - gender issues permeate organizational life - men are superior

answer

Kanter

question

_____ feminists - we just need to enhance the opportunity for variety. We need to give them a platform to be heard. Taking a stand for everyone

answer

standpoint

question

_______ feminists - they want to attempt to deconstruct men meaning systems in order to highlight women perspectives - we take a lot of things - we want to look at meaning designed by women

answer

postmodern

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