question

What anatomical sites in the body are axenic?

answer

Heart and circulatory system, Liver, Kidneys and urinary bladder, Lungs, Brain and spinal cord, Muscles, bones, Ovaries and testes, Glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid),
Sinuses, middle and inner ear, internal eye

question

What fluids in the body are axenic?

answer

Blood, Urine in kidneys, ureters, and bladder, CSF, Saliva prior to entering oral cavity, Semen prior to entering urethra,Amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo and fetus

question

Pathogens are:

answer

-are disease-causing organisms
-are microbes that infect the body and cause disease.
-produce virulence factors (toxins, enzymes) that help invade and damage host cells.

question

Pathogens spread by:

answer

direct or indirect methods

question

Pathogens spread by involving:

answer

Infected people
Carriers
Vectors
Vehicles

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Pathogens may be found residing:

answer

in humans, animals, food, soil, and water

question

Pathology

answer

in humans, animals, food, soil, and water

question

Etiology:

answer

science that deals with cause of disease

question

Pathogenesis:

answer

Manner in which disease develops
The structural and functional changes brought about by the disease
The final effects on the body

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Infection:

answer

invasion or colonization of the body (the host) by potentially pathogenic microbes

question

Infection multiplication of a parasitic organism or virus in or on the body of the host with or without:

answer

the production of a disease

question

Parasitic organism =

answer

Pathogen

question

Disease:

answer

Any change from a state of health…
when the body is not properly adjusted or
Capable of performing its normal functions

question

Disease results:

answer

When an adequate number of pathogenic cells enter the body
Through a specific route and grow
Disrupt tissues and cause signs and symptoms

question

ID =

answer

infectious dose

question

Mutualistic relationship ex:

answer

E. coli in intestines

question

Commensalism:

answer

One member benefits w/out significantly affecting the other

question

Commensalism ex:

answer

ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis living on skin

question

Three types of Symbiosis:

answer

1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism

question

Mutualism = both members benefit from the:

answer

interaction

question

Mutualism Example:

answer

Bacteria in our colon have warm, moist nutrient rich environment to live in

question

When bacteria die, they release vitamins:

answer

K and B vitamins that we absorb

question

Commensalism:

answer

One member benefits w/out significantly affecting the other

question

Commensalism ex. :

answer

Staphylococcus epidermidis living on skin

question

Other Names for Normal Microbiota include:

answer

Normal microbiota
Normal flora
Normal microbial flora
Indigenous microbiota

question

Normal flora =

answer

population of microbes found on and in the body of healthy peoples

question

Resident Flora =

answer

inhabit body sites for extended periods of time; throughout life

question

Transient flora =

answer

only temporary

question

Two types of Normal Microbiota in Human Host:

answer

1. Resident microbiota
2. Transient microbiota

question

Resident Microbiota are a part of the ___________ throughout life.

answer

normal microbiota

question

Resident Microbiota are found on:

answer

skin, mucous membranes of GI, respiratory tract, urethra, and vagina

question

Most resident microbiota are:

answer

commensal

question

Why are Normal Microbiota in Human Host?

answer

These organisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease.

question

Most normal Microbiota in Human Host are:

answer

nonpathogenic

question

A few normal Microbiota in Human Host are pathogenic but:

answer

held in check by antagonism

question

Normal microbial flora benefits the human host by:

answer

Preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms and Stimulating the immune system

question

What is Transient Microbiota?

answer

Remain in the body for only hours, days, or months before disappearing.

question

Transient microbiotia may be present for a time then disappear because:

answer

they cannot compete with resident microbiota

question

Transient bacteria are found in the same regions as:

answer

resident microbiota

question

Why can’t Transient Microbiota persist in the body?

answer

Competition from other microorganisms
Elimination by the body’s defenses cells
Chemical (changes in pH of vagina)
Physical changes (urination, defecation, vomiting) in body that dislodge them

question

As we development in the womb, it is free of:

answer

microbes (axenic)

question

Microbiota begins to develop during:

answer

the birthing process.

question

By 12 hours after birth:

answer

Streptococci
Staphylococci
Lactobacilli have colonized neonate.

question

Bottle fed infants acquire:

answer

coliforms, lactobacilli, enteric streptococci and staphylococci.

question

Breast fed acquire:

answer

Bifidobacterium: Which protects the infant from infection of certain intestinal pathogens.

question

Much of one’s resident microbiota is established during:

answer

the first months of life

question

Establishment of normal flora continues with:

answer

teething and solid food

question

Two types of Pathogens:

answer

1. True Pathogens
2. Opportunistic Pathogens

question

A microbe that has a parasitic relationship with host that results in disease is called a:

answer

pathogen

question

True pathogens =

answer

primary pathogens

question

True Pathogens are capable of causing disease in healthy person with:

answer

normal immune defenses.

question

Coronavirus causes:

answer

common cold

question

Influenza virus causes:

answer

flu

question

Malarial protozoan causes:

answer

malaria

question

Opportunist pathogens only cause diseases:

answer

1. When host’s immune defenses are weakened or host is immunocompromised
2. When introduced into an unusual location

question

Opportunist pathogens:

answer

May be members of the normal flora or common in the environment

question

Examples of Opportunist pathogens:

answer

1. Candida
2. E. coli
3. Pseudomonas = common in environment

question

Our normal flora maintain:

answer

microbial antagonism or microbial competition.

question

The nonpathogenic microbes hold:

answer

the pathogenic microbes in check.

question

What are the Three conditions when normal flora become opportunistic pathogens?

answer

1. Immune suppression
2. Changes in normal microbial flora
3. Normal flora in unusual area

question

Immune suppression includes:

answer

Disease, malnutrition, emotional, physical stress
Very old or very young
Radiation, chemotherapy
Immunosuppressive drugs in transplant patients
HIV virus

question

Immune suppression can enable opportunist pathogens to:

answer

become pathogens

question

Changes in the normal microbiota:

answer

Normal microbiota
Use nutrients
Take up space
Release toxic waste
That usually out compete pathogens

question

Changes in the normal microbiota: This is called:

answer

Microbial antagonism
Microbial competition

question

Changes in relative abundance of normal microbiota may allow some members of the normal microbiota to become:

answer

an opportunist pathogen

question

ex. Long term use of antibiotic :

answer

C. difficile

question

Killed off sensitive non pathogenic flora, now C. difficile has:

answer

nutrients and room to multiply and cause a disease

question

Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body Example:

answer

E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis

question

E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis are mutualistic:

answer

in colon

question

But if E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis enter urethra then bladder:

answer

They becomes parasitic and may cause UTI

question

Contamination:

answer

Mere presence of microbes in/on body

question

Contaminants reach body in:

answer

Food, drink, air, via wounds, arthropod bites, sexual intercourse

question

What is the outcome of the Contaminants?

answer

1. Become part of the normal flora
2. Remain in body a short period of time as part of transient microbiota
3. Overcome body’s external defenses, multiply, become established in the body

question

The successful invasion of the body by a microbial contaminant is called an:

answer

infection.

question

The infection may or may not:

answer

result in disease (which has signs and symptoms).

question

Portals of Entry =

answer

getting in, sites where pathogens enter the body, usually the same regions that support normal microbial flora.

question

Attaching to the Host =

answer

staying in

question

Surviving Host Defenses =

answer

defeat host’s defenses

question

Causing the Disease =

answer

damage the host

question

Portals of Exit =

answer

getting out, transmitted to another host

question

What are Four major sites of Portals of Entry

answer

1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes
3. Placenta
4. Parenteral route

question

Stratum corneum : Outer layer of packed, dead, skin cells usually acts as:

answer

a barrier to pathogens

question

Some pathogens can enter through openings or:

answer

cuts, nicks, abrasions.

question

Some pathogens can enter through:

answer

hair follicles and sweat glands.

question

Larvae of some parasitic worms create their own portal using:

answer

digestive enzymes and burrow into skin to reach the deeper tissues

question

Insect bites, tick and spider bites use their:

answer

probiscus to pierce through the epidermis

question

Some fungi can digest:

answer

the keratin in the outer layers of skin to reach the deeper, moister dermis

question

Mucous membranes line:

answer

GI, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts and conjunctiva

question

Mucous membranes are ____________ and provide a _____________ that is an easier portal of entry

answer

thinner than skin; moist, warm environment

question

Respiratory tract:

answer

Most commonly used site of entry

question

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa:

answer

Enter nose, mouth in air, on dust, in drops of moisture

question

Cold, influenza viruses can enter:

answer

eye first, then respiratory tract

question

Some protozoa, helminths, bacteria, and viruses are able to survive:

answer

the acidic pH of the stomach

question

Some protozoa, helminths, bacteria, and viruses may use the gastrointestinal tract as:

answer

a route of entry

question

Pathogens that enter via GI tract are adapted to survive:

answer

Digestive enzymes and changes in pH

question

Enteric bacteria:

answer

Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and E. coli (gastroenteritis)

question

Enteric Viruses:

answer

poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, echovirus, and rotavirus (rotavirus = gastroenteritis)

question

Enteric Protozoans:

answer

Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis (gastroenteritis)

question

Respiratory tract portal of entry for:

answer

greatest number of pathogens

question

Microbes are transferred from:

answer

upper respiratory tract, to sinuses, to auditory tube then middle ear

question

Portal of entry for greatest number of pathogens is:

answer

Respiratory tract.

question

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses can enter through:

answer

respiratory tract

question

Bacterial, fungal, and viral:

answer

Pneumonia

question

Bacterial diseases:

answer

strep throat, pneumococcal pneumonia, anthrax, diphtheria, TB, bronchitis, whooping cough

question

Fungal diseases:

answer

blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia

question

Viral diseases:

answer

common cold, SARS, mumps, influenza, respiratory syncytial disease

question

STDs enter skin or mucosa of:

answer

penis, external genitalia, vagina, cervix, or urethra.

question

Syphilis/gonorrhea were once:

answer

the prominent STDs.

question

Now ____________ lead the list.

answer

genital warts, chlamydia, herpes, HIV, Hepatitis B, Trichomoniasis

question

Some yeast infections caused by:

answer

Candida albicans

question

Some not all Candida albicans are considered:

answer

STDs

question

NOT All urogenital infections are STDs, some are:

answer

UTI and yeast infections

question

The placenta is usually an effective barrier against microbes in the:

answer

maternal circulation.

question

Some microbes can cross the placenta cause:

answer

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), Congenital abnormalities, Brain, damage, Premature birth, Stillbirths

question

STORCH:

answer

Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Other = Chlamydia, Hepatitis B, HIV
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex (Hepatitis B, HIV)

question

Parenteral Route not a true portal of entry but a means by which:

answer

portals can be circumvented

question

To enter the Parenteral Route:

answer

Pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes by:

question

Pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes by:

answer

Nail, Thorn, Hypodermic needle, Bites, Stab wounds, Surgery

question

After entering the body, microbes must __________ in order to establish _______.

answer

adhere to host cells ; colonies

OCTC-Micro-Chapter 14 – Flashcards

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