question

_________: system of naming that uses 2 words, the genus and species

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binomial nomenclature

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Binomial system of naming: introduced by Swedish botanist ________

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Karl von Linne

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Early schemes of classification: all living things were classified into 1 of 2 kingdoms, _______, until 1960s

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Animalia and Plantae

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what are the two taxa that an organism's scientific name represent?

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genus and species

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What are the seven main taxa into which scientists classify organisms into?

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Kingdom, Phylum/Divsion, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

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What are the three domains in modern classification?

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Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

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What are the three kingdoms in Eukarya?

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Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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What are eukaryotic organisms that do not fit the definition of animal, plant, or fungus?

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protists

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protists: _____ (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) organisms that do not fit the definition of animal, plant or fungus

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eukaryotic

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protists—eukaryotic organisms that do not fit the definition of ___, ___, or ___

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animal, plant or fungus

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Archaebacteria live in _____ conditions

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extreme

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These bacteria live in extreme conditions

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Archaebacteria

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Three reasons scientists have for classifying organisms: 1) classification helps identify the _____ between organisms, 2) classification requires scientists to clearly identify ____ of each organism, 3) to avoid ____

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relationships; key characteristics; confusion

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_____ is the most specific of the taxa. It is usually considered to be a group of organisms that can ______

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species; reproduce together

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______ is the 2nd most specific taxon. _____ grouped _____ are considered to be _____

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Genus; genus; species; closely related

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_____ name is capitalized, ____ name is not

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genus; species

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____ is the Latin name for an individual organism.

answer

species

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Genus (plural genera) groups ______ that are closely related

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species

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Families are groups of _____ that share characteristics

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genera

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Orders are groups of related ______

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families

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Classes are groups of related _____

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orders

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Phylum (or division) is a group of _____

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classes

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Kingdoms are groups of _____

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phyla

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Originally organisms were classified by using ______

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anatomical features

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The prevailing view now is that taxonomy generally reflects ______

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theoretical evolutionary relationships

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Classifying by anatomical features remains an important classification method; However, the study of ______ has become more important.

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genetics

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A common problem taxonomists have in classifying organisms is that some organisms don't _____

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fit neatly into defined classifications

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intermediate classification levels: ______ to create new higher divisions within a classification, ______ to create new lower divisions within a classification

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superlevels; sublevels

question

Until recently taxonomists recognized ___ kingdoms: _____

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five; Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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The ___-kingdom system divides kingdom ____ into two new kingdoms: kingdom _____ and kingdom ______

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six; Monera; Eubacteria; Archaebacteria

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The ____-domain system (____, ____, and ____) method is based on genetic and biochemical research

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three; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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three domain system: Domain ______ is composed of organisms scientists think evolved first

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archaea

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three domain system: domain Eukarya contains kingdom(s)

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Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia

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three domain system: domain Bacteria contains kingdom(s)

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Eubacteria

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three domain system: domain Archaea includes kingdom(s)

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Archaebacteria

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prokaryotes contains domains ____ and _____

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Bacteria and Archaea

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Eukaryotes contains domain _____

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Eukarya

question

What are photosynthetic bacteria which are found in environments high in dissolved oxygen, and produce free oxygen?

answer

cyanobacteria

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cyanobacteria: ______ bacteria which are found in environments high in _____ _____, and produce _____ _____

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photosynthetic; dissolved oxygen; free oxygen

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cyanobacteria use ___ and ___ to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

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carbon dioxide; water

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cyanobacteria use _____: response of pigment composition to the quality of light in the sea

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chromatic adaptation

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chromatic adaptation: response of _____ composition to the quality of ____ in the sea

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pigment; light

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cyanobacteria might may exist as ____ or form _____ held together by mucilage

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single cells; dense mats

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_____: a coral-like mound of microbes that trap sediment and precipitate minerals in shallow tropical seas

answer

stromatolites

question

stromatolites—a coral-like mound of microbes that trap _____ and precipitate _____ in shallow tropical seas

answer

sediment; minerals

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Other photosynthetic bacteria: _____ green and purple sulfur do not produce _____

answer

anaerobic; oxygen

question

purple and green bacteria use ____ and ____ to produce ___ and ___; they don't produce free ____

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carbon dioxide; hydrogen sulfide; carbohydrates; sulfate; oxygen

question

Chemosynthetic bacteria - use energy derived from _____

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chemical reactions

question

chemosynthesis is ____ efficient than photosynthesis, so rates of cell growth and division are _____

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less; slower

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chemosynthetic bacteria are found around _____

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hydrothermal vents

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Heterotrophic bacteria - ______ that obtain energy and materials from ______ matter

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decoposers; organic

question

heterotrophic bacteria return many ____ to the environment through ____ and ____

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chemicals; respiration; fermentation

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_______: process that converts molecular nitrogen dissolved in seawater to ammonium ion

answer

nitrogen fixation

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Nitrogen fixation—process that converts molecular _____ dissolved in seawater to _____ ion

answer

nitrogen; ammonium

question

major process that adds new usable nitrogen to the sea

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nitrogen fixation

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What is carried out by some cyanobacteria and a few archaeons?

answer

nitrogen fixation

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_______: process of bacterial conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate ions

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nitrification

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Nitrification—process of bacterial conversion of _____ to _____ and _____ ions

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ammonium; nitrite; nitrate

question

bacterial nitrification converts ammonium into a form of nitrogen usable by other _______

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primary producers

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Symbiotic Bacteria: ______ live within tube worms and clams

answer

chemosynthetic bacteria

question

symbiotic bacteria: Some deep-sea or nocturnal animals host helpful ______ ______

answer

bioluminescent bacteria

question

Prokaryotes are among the most _____ of the primary producers in the ocean

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important

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Prokaryotes don't have the same complex ____ structure

answer

internal membrane

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Prokaryotes lack ____ or ____; instead they have a ___ of DNA or RNA

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chromosomes; nucleus; ring

question

prokaryotes don't have ____ or ____

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mitochondria; chloroplasts

question

prokaryotes are structurally simple; molecules are surrounded by a ____ and ____

answer

membrane; cell wall

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prokaryotes are believed to be the ____ types of organisms; archaea originated ____ years ___

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oldest; 3.5 billion; ago

question

Scientists think that the process of _____ began with cyanophytes of domain Bacteria, an early _____

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photosynthesis; prokaryote

question

Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria are best known for being ______

answer

extremophiles

question

Domain _____ and domain _____ are best known for being extremophiles

answer

archaea; bacteria

question

Bacteria can do things no other known organisms can do: Certain species can create ______ compounds by fixing inorganic ____ from the air - an essential element of life.

answer

organic nitrogen; nitrogen

question

Scientists think that phylum ______ bacteria are crucial to life

answer

Cyanophyta

question

Scientists think that phylum Cyanophyta bacteria are crucial to life because: - ______ evolved in the cyanophytes. - Cyanophytes were the primary organisms that created the _____ in the atmosphere. - Cyanophytes are bacteria responsible for _____ fixation. -- Their _____ can contribute to the ____ of other organisms. netflix.com

answer

photosynthesis; oxygen; nitrogen; pigments; color

question

Diatom structure - ______: a two-part, box-shaped organic cell wall impregnated with silica - _____: one half of a frustule; 1 valve is larger and fits over the other like a box lid

answer

frustule; valve

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2 basic diatom shapes: • _____ symmetrical valves (generally planktonic) • _____ symmetrical valves (generally benthic)

answer

radially; bilaterally

question

Reproduction in diatoms - asexual reproduction by ____ • each daughter cell gets 1 valve, and has to grow a 2nd, smaller one to complete frustule • ______: daughter cell which casts off the small valve, increases in size, and secretes a new frustule of normal size (occurs when cell size reaches 50% of maximum)

answer

fission; auxospore

question

Diatomaceous sediments - ______ of dead diatoms sink and collect on the seafloor to form _____ oozes - accumulations form _____ rock - these deposits, called _____, are mined for use as filtering material, a mild abrasive, and for soundproofing and insulation products - diatom productivity and death is responsible for most _____ reserves

answer

frustules; silaceous; sedimentary; diatomaceous earth; petroleum

question

Dinoflagellates - shapes: _____, ______; sometimes ______ - a simple ______ encircles the cell in the ______ (a horizontal groove) and produces a spinning motion

answer

globular; unicellular; colonial; flagellum; cingulum

question

Dinoflagellate structure • longer _____ with hair-like filaments trails down the _____ (a longitudinal groove) and imparts most of the forward motion to the cell • number, size and shapes of ____ are used to identify different species

answer

flagellum; sulcus; plates

question

dinoflagellate nutrition • photosynthetic ones have _____, betacarotene and peridinin (a xanthophyll which imparts a golden-brown color) • _____ photosynthetic ones supplement photosynthesis by ______ (absorbing nutrients) or ______ (engulfing nutrients)

answer

chlorophylls a and c; mixotrophic; osmotrophy; phagotrophy

question

reproduction in dinoflagellates • asexual reproduction by _____ • sexual reproduction by ____ and ____ • often have dormant stages (___ formation)

answer

fission; fusion; meiosis; cyst

question

Ecological roles of dinoflagellates: • major component of ______ • some are _____ of copepods (crustaceans) • ______: species lacking flagella which are symbionts of jellyfish, corals and molluscs - photosynthetic _____ provide ____ for hosts - hosts provide carbon dioxide, other nutrients, and shelter

answer

phytoplankton; parasites; zooxanthellae; zooxanthellae; food

question

________: • occur when photosynthetic dinoflagellates undergo a ______ ______ • colors the water red, orange or brown • dinoflagellates that cause (this) produce _____ - _____ ____ ____ occurs in humans who consume shellfish contaminated with (this 2) • ____ content of the water may be reduced to deadly levels as bacteria decompose animals killed by _____ _____

answer

harmful algal blooms; population; explosion; toxins; paralytic shellfish poisoning; oxygen; dinoflagellate toxins

question

_____ is defined by taxonomists as those organisms that belong in one of ____ specific phyla or divisions in kingdom _____

answer

algae; seven; Protista

question

What are the seven phyla of algae?

answer

1. Bacillariophyta- diatoms 2. Dinophyta- dinoflagellates 3. Chlorophyta- green algae 4. Rhodophyta- red algae 5. Phaeophyta- brown algae 6. Euglenophyta 7. Chrysophyta

question

Phylum _____ is made up of diatoms, the most productive phytoplankton; These primary producers are a widely _____ group

answer

Bacillariophyta; diverse

question

Diatoms are larger than _____ - They have _____ shells in an amazing array of shapes. - They are ______ that are relatively dormant during the winter months.

answer

prokaryotes; two-part silicon; photosynthesizers

question

Diatoms reproduce quickly when ____ levels rise and are thought to account for 25% of all the _____ on Earth

answer

sunlight; photosynthetic biomass

question

_____ make up phylum Dinophyta; dinophyta are second most _____ group of primary producers

answer

dinoflagellates; productive

question

______ are particularly important autotrophic dinoflagellates. • They live within the _____ coral polyps. • They provide their host with food via ______. - In return (this) get _____ wastes from the coral. • These are the only coral that build massive coral reefs. • Without (this), ____ could not exist as we know it. • Without coral and coral reefs there would not be the unique organisms that make up the world's most productive ____

answer

Symbiodinium; zooxanthellate; photosynthesis; nitrogenous; coral; ecosystems

question

Phylum ____ is made up of the macro algae - a term that refers to multicellular species like seaweed. • They share the same ___ color as land plants. Both green algae and land plants have: - _____ - a pigment directly involved with photosynthesis. - _____ - assists [first blank] in capturing light for use in photosynthesis. • Chlorophyll a and b absorb different ___ ___ ___, thus using light more efficiently. - Scientists think the presence of [these two things] has ____ significance. It may indicate that land plants evolved from ___ ___ • [blank] and land plants also have other _____ in common and have ____ made of cellulose.

answer

Chlorophyta; green; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll b; colors of light; evolutionary; green algae; pigments; cell walls

question

Red algae is red because they have pigments called ____ which give it their color. [these] allow some red algae to live deeper than any other algae - some as deep as 200 meters (656 feet). - Red algae also has ___ ___, but not ___ ___

answer

phycoerythrins; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b

question

____ species that live on coral reefs secrete a ____ ___ shell. - Their secretions bond coral colonies and debris together which in turn holds the reef together.

answer

red algae; calcium carbonate

question

Phylum _____ (brown algae), is more structurally complex. Many brown algae species have: - ____ - anchor the algae to the bottom. - ____ ____ - provide support like plant stems, but with no vascular system. - ____ - equivalent of leaves. - ____ - gas filled float structures that lift the algae off the bottom and keep the blades close to the surface and sun. • ___ is the largest of the brown algae. - [this] is important because it is the foundation for many ____ ____ ecosystems

answer

phaeophyta; holdfasts; leather stipes; blades; pneumatocysts; kelp; temperate coastal

question

_____ in the water is the greatest challenge to which plants must adapt. - [form of this] causes dehydration in plants. - Marine plants resist dehydration through several adaptations such as ___ ___ or other protection that reduces water loss and prevention of dehydration

answer

salinity; salt; waxy; coverings

question

_____ plants live entirely underwater - seagrasses for example. - _____ plants live with their roots underwater, but with a significant portion of the plant growing above the surface - mangroves for example

answer

submergent; emergent

question

Other than producing food and oxygen, marine plants provide important ____ for other marine organisms

answer

habitats

question

____ ___ are important to the environment: - 1. They act as ____ for adjacent marine ecosystems. - 2. They filter ___ ____ protecting sensitive offshore ecosystems that would be harmed or killed by settling sediment. - 3. They hold ____ in place. They slow waves and reduce ____ while retaining ____ used by organisms living there

answer

mangrove swamps; nurseries; runoff water; sediments; erosion; nutrients

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