Nutrition Exam 2 Study Guide, Ch. 4, 5, 6 – Flashcards

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Many health authorities recommend that Americans consume within _______________% of their total calories from carbohydrate.
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45-65
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_______________ is the main problem associated with excessive sugar intake.
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Dental cavities
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The monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and _______________.
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galactose
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_______________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body.
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Glucose
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The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and _______________.
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lactose
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Milk sugar is known as _______________.
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lactose
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_______________ is a condition in which one lacks lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.
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Lactose intolerance
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The main function of glucose is to supply _______________ for the body.
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energy
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The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from ____________.
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glucose
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The hormone _______________ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range.
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insulin
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The major source of glucose released to elevate a low blood glucose level is _______________.
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glycogen
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Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, and therefore cannot be absorbed, are called _______________.
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fiber
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______ are by-products of partial fat metabolism that are formed when insufficient dietary carbohydrates are available for fuel.
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Ketones
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Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _______________.
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mouth
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Dietary fiber may play a role in the prevention of _______________ cancer.
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colon
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The recommendations for a high-carbohydrate diet refer to one that is ______ in complex carbohydrates and ______ in simple carbohydrates.
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high; low
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Major fructose sources include
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fruits and high fructose corn syrup.
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A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
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two monosaccharides.
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The food components that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates are
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table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes.
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The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called
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photosynthesis.
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Glucose also is known as
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dextrose.
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The term "simple carbohydrates" refers to
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monosaccharides and disaccharides.
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Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose?
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Sugar cane
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Which of the following is a major source of lactose?
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Skim milk
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What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?
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Pancreatic amylase
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Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
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mouth with salivary amylase.
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Amylase is
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an enzyme that digests starch.
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What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?
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They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.
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Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion?
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Starch to maltose to glucose
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Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption.
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active
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Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption?
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Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
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Lactose intolerance is caused by
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lactase deficiency.
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The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are
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gas, abdominal pain, and distention.
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Those with lactose intolerance usually can consume all the following except
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milk shakes made with skim milk.
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Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood?
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Liver
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Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state?
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Insulin
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When insulin is released, it causes
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muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake.
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Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state?
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Glucagon
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Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use?
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Epinephrine
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The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises
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blood glucose.
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For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source?
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Brain
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You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet?
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Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.
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Glycogen is
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a highly branched polysaccharide.
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Starch is comprised of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule?
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Glucose
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Amylose is
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a long, straight glucose chain.
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Which of the following has the most starch?
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1 cup of kidney beans
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The major storage sites for glycogen are
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muscles and liver.
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Dietary fibers primarily are
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polysaccharides.
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Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers?
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They are absorbed in the large intestine.
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Which of the following is not a viscous (soluble) fiber?
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Lignin
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Viscous (soluble) fibers
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can lower blood cholesterol.
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Which of the following is not a rich source of viscous (soluble) fibers?
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Whole wheat bread
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Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which cancer?
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Colon
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A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams?
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25 to 38
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John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?
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Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels
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Which of the following foods would have the most fiber?
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Kidney beans
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When eating a high-fiber diet, one should
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increase fluid intake.
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What is the minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, humans must consume to avoid ketosis?
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130
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The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories.
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10
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Which of the following breakfasts would be highest in carbohydrate?
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8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, English muffin with jelly, 1 cup whole milk
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Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are
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type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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Arises most commonly in adulthood
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All of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus except
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the least common form of diabetes.
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The most important dietary approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to
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lose body fat.
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If you had the condition phenylketonuria, which should you not use?
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Aspartame
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Sucralose (Splenda®) is ______ times sweeter than sucrose.
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600
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Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding
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chlorines to sucrose.
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Which of the following is not a metabolic syndrome risk indicator?
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High HDL cholesterol
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The two forms of starch found in food are
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amylose and amylopectin.
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Isolated nondigestible carbohydrates that are added to food because they have beneficial physiological effects in human beings are called
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functional fiber.
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Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?
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Protein
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Food manufacturers prefer ______ as a sweetener because it is easy to transport, has better shelf-stability, lower cost, and improves food properties.
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high-fructose corn syrup
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The natural alternative sweetener derived from a South American shrub is called
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Stevia (Sweet Leaf ®).
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Low fiber intake can cause constipation and force parts of the large intestine wall out from between the surrounding bands of muscle, forming many small pouches called
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diverticula.
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The Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming ____________ servings of whole grain cereals per day.
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2 to 3
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Most plant proteins do not match our needs for essential amino acids and therefore are called _______________ proteins.
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incomplete
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Amino acids are transported via the _______________ vein to the liver.
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portal
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In proteins, amino acids are joined by _______________ bonds.
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peptide
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Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause _______________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.
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denaturation
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Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________________.
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a hormone
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An illness that results from a malfunction of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in parts of the hemoglobin protein chain is called _______________.
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sickle cell anemia
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The best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _______________ g/kg/day.
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0.8
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Three dietary advantages of plant protein sources over animal sources are: 1) they are a good source of dietary fiber, 2) they are low in saturated fat, and 3) they contain no _______________.
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cholesterol
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The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)
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amino acid.
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The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is
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nitrogen.
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Which of the following is true about protein?
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It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
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An essential amino acid
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cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
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The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is
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converted to urea.
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All of the following are true of high-quality protein except
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it provides 7 kcal/g of energy.
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Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source?
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Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.
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Which of the following is a food that provides all of the essential amino acids?
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Milk
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Proteins are digested in which areas of the body?
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Stomach and small intestine
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What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?
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Pepsin
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Which of the following is not true about pepsin?
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Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.
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If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
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Protein synthesis will be limited.
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If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)
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limiting amino acid.
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When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is
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stored as fat.
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Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?
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20
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If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?
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Amino acids
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What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
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Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain
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Which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of the products of protein digestion?
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Many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood.
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All of the following are true of the alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein except
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it tends to be rigid and retains its structure.
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In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to
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changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.
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Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to
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denaturation.
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Food proteins are used most efficiently when we
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are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.
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All of the following are functions of protein except to
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supply more than 40 percent of the kilocalories in the diet.
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Which of the following is not true about body proteins?
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They are static and change little after achievement of adult status.
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Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?
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The size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease.
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Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is
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the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.
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Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because
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blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.
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Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
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acting as buffers.
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The typical American diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acids?
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50%
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Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are
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antibodies.
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If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?
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The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
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The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily kilocalorie needs?
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10%
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Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of
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negative protein balance.
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Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of
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positive protein balance.
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One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except
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starvation.
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Currently, the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.
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0.8
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Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein?
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64 grams
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Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?
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Most consume more than is needed.
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All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except
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stored as muscle protein.
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High protein diets may be harmful for
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those with kidney disease.
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When comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say
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plant sources tend to be higher in dietary fiber.
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Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States?
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About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.
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All of the following are essential amino acids except
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alanine.
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When there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which foodstuff would be least desirable?
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Gelatin
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If Betty wants to eat the most nutrient-dense source of protein, she would eat
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tuna.
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The combination of plant foods that most often is used to provide complete protein is
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legumes and grains.
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All of the following describe kwashiorkor and marasmus except
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diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening.
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Marasmus usually is associated with a deficiency of
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kilocalories.
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Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of
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protein.
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The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into
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body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.
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Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that
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children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.
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The child with marasmus has all of the following conditions except
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edema in the abdomen and legs.
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A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes such products as milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)
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lactoovovegetarian.
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A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)
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vegan.
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The most reliable source of vitamin B12 for the vegan would be
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fortified soybean milk.
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The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering __________________ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering __________________ of the plate.
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two-thirds (or more); one-third (or less)
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Most proteins are ________________________ (joining of 10 or more amino acids), ranging from about 50 to 2000 amino acids.
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polypeptides
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Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______________ that can leave the nucleus.
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mRNA
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Because the ____________________________ diet is recognized as being low in meat, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, low in added sugar and saturated fatty acids, it has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to the MyPlate dietary pattern.
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Mediterranean
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Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino-acid ________________ , while grains are limited in _________________.
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methionine; lysine
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It takes approximately _____ kg kilograms of grain to produce ____ kg kilogram of animal protein in cereal-fed animals.
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3; 1
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An association between ____________ consumption and total mortality, as well as premature mortality caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, has been found in men and women.
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red meat
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A(n) _______________ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.
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triglyceride
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Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of ____________ fatty acids.
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monounsaturated
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A(n) ______ fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end.
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omega-3
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Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) _______________.
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lipoprotein
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_______________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that acts to transport absorbed fat.
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Chylomicrons
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During rest and light activities, fatty acids are the main fuel for _______________.
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muscles
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The process of _______________ removes double bonds from fatty acids, giving a liquid fat a more solid consistency.
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hydrogenation
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In the small intestine, the pancreas secretes ____________ to digest triglycerides.
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lipase
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According to the American Heart Association's 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction, we should consume no more than _______________ milligrams of cholesterol per day.
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300
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Of the macronutrients, fats are the most significant dietary factor(s) associated with _________________.
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heart disease
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A meal providing 1,200 kilocalories contains 13 grams of saturated fat, 10 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 27 grams of polyunsaturated fat. This meal provides ______% of total kcal as fat.
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37.5
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Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________.
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emulsifiers
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All of the following are accurate descriptions of cholesterol except
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it is an essential nutrient.
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Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?
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They do not dissolve in water.
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Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?
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A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.
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A monounsaturated fatty acid contains
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one double bond.
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In which form are most dietary lipids found?
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Triglycerides
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A saturated fatty acid contains
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no double bonds.
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Which of the following would you buy if you wanted the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content?
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Liquid, squeezable margarine, made from safflower oil
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Triglycerides are composed of
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fatty acids and glycerol.
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How many carbons do long-chain fatty acids contain?
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12 or more
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Which of the following is a rich source of cholesterol?
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Lard
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Gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?
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Liver
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______ is a fat replacer used in food processing that can bind to fat-soluble vitamins and thereby reduce their absorption.
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Olestra
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Which of the following is true about Olestra?
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It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.
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Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat?
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Trans fatty acids
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Cholesterol is found in all of the following except
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corn oil.
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Which of the following would be the richest source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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Safflower oil
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If a fat contains mostly saturated fatty acids, it is likely to be ________ at room temperature.
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solid
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Which of the following is not a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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Palm oil
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All of the following are sources of cholesterol except
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peanut butter.
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Olive oil contains abundant amounts of which type of fatty acid?
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Monounsaturated
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Triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because
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they are high in kilocalories.
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"Hidden" fat includes
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fat in crackers and other grain products.
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The process of hydrogenation
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changes a liquid fat into a solid fat.
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Which of the following contains the greatest percentage of calories from fat (in a typical serving size)?
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Margarine
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Timothy wants to avoid eating too much trans fat. All of the following are appropriate ways except
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eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.
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Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption?
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Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein.
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Before they can be absorbed, triglycerides must be broken down into
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monoglycerides and fatty acids.
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The major fat-digesting enzyme is
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pancreatic lipase.
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______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.
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Very-low-density lipoproteins
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After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?
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Lymphatic
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After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are
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reformed into triglycerides.
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Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?
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High-density lipoprotein
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Lipoproteins contain all of the following components except
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carbohydrate.
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Once the chylomicrons arrive at their destination via the bloodstream, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by an enzyme associated with the blood vessel called ___________ lipase.
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lipoprotein
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The main regulator of blood cholesterol levels is the
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liver.
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To be transported throughout the body, fats are packaged in structures called
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lipoproteins.
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Which of the following is true about trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated fats?
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When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol.
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An essential omega-3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds is called
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alpha-linolenic acid.
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Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
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Linoleic acid
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Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids?
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Salmon
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Name an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds, found in fatty fish and synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid.
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
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Studies of Greenland Eskimos, among others, have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed?
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Fish supplies fatty acids that decrease blood clotting.
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One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is
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walnuts.
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The safest way to get measurable heart disease risk-reducing benefits from consuming omega-3 fatty acids, would be to
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eat oily fish, such as salmon, 2 times a week.
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The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is
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triglyceride.
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The body stores excess protein as
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triglycerides.
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Which of the following does not describe a function of fat?
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Best source of energy for the brain
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All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except
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the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body.
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Phospholipids are the main components of _________________.
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cell membranes.
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The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend getting no more than ______ percent of your total kilocalories from fat.
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35
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Which of the following breakfasts has the highest fat content?
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1 granola bar, 1 orange, 1 cup low-fat milk
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A good suggestion for heart-healthy eating is to
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trim fat from meat before cooking.
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According to the Food and Nutrition Board, what is the upper limit of fat, in grams, that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2,000 kilocalories per day?
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78
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The major dietary factor to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is
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saturated fat.
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A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter.
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200
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In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true?
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As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk.
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The plant stanols/sterols, also called phytosterols, work by
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reducing cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and lowering its return to the liver.
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Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels?
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They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
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Cardiovascular disease risk factors include all of the following except
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HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl.
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We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day.
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2 to 4 tablespoons
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The omega-6 parent fat, linoleic acid, is converted by the body into the long-chain fatty acid,
answer
arachidonic acid.
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Consumption of fatty fish at least twice a week is recommended to provide omega-3 fatty acids. However, some fish − especially swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tile fish − can be a source of ____________, which is toxic in high amounts.
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mercury
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The main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can bind
answer
the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their absorption.
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