question

Which of the following dietary strategies would be the most appropriate for reversing fatty liver associated with diabetes mellitus? A. following a low-protien diet B.following a fat-controlled diet C.following a fluid and sodium controlled diet D.modifying energy to achieve a desirable weight and modifying carbohydrates to attain blood glucose control

answer

D. modifying energy to achieve a desirable weight and modifying carbohydrates to attain blood glucose control

question

Which of the following statements about hepatitis is true? A. chronic hepatitis can progress to cirrhosis B. Whatever the cause of hepatitis, symptoms are typically severe C. vaccines are available to protect from hepatitis A, B, and C viruses D. HCV infection can be spread through contaminated food and water

answer

A. Chronic Hepatitis can progress to cirrhosis

question

The most common causes of cirrhosis in the US are? A. infection with hepatitis A and hepatitis C viruses B. infection with hepatitis A virus and fatty liver diease C. infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses D. infection with hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease

answer

D. infection with hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease

question

Esophageal varices are a dangerous complication of liver disease because they: A. interfere with food intake B. can lead to massive bleeding C.divert blood flow from the GI tract D. contribute to hepatic encephalopathy

answer

B. Can lead to massive bleeding

question

A complication of liver disease that contributes to the development of ascites is: A. partial hypertension B. rising blood ammonia levels C. elevated serum albumin levels D. insulin resistance

answer

A. partial hypertension

question

A patient with Cirrhosis may develop personality changes and motor dysfunction, which are signs of: A. jaundice B. Hepatic encephalopathy C. Hyperammonemia D. hepatic coma

answer

B. Hepatic encephalopathy

question

With respect to protein intake, patients with cirrhosis should: A. consume no more than the protein RDA B. restrict protein intake to 0.6g/ kg of body weight C. maintain nitrogen balance by consuming 0.8-1.2g protein/kg body weight D. use formulas enriched with aromatic amino acids to meet their protein needs

answer

C. maintain nitrogen balance by consuming 0.8-1.2g protein/kg body weight

question

People with ascites must often restrict dietary intake of: A. fat B. protein C. sugars D. sodium

answer

D. sodium

question

After a liver transplant, a major health concern is: A. jaundice B. ascites C. infection D. hepatic coma

answer

C. infection

question

Dietary concerns after a liver transplant include all of the following except: A.severe protein restrictions that are difficult to adhere to B. increased risk of foodborne illness C. gastrointestinal side effects of medications D. altered appetite and taste perception from medications

answer

A.severe protein restrictions that are difficult to adhere to

question

which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes? A. abdominal obesity increases risk B. the pancreas makes little to no insulin C. it is the predominant form of diabetes D. it often arises during pregnancy

answer

B. the pancreas makes little to no insulin

question

Which of the following describes type 2 diabetes? A. it is usually and autoimmune disease B. the pancreas makes little to no insulin C. diabetic ketoacidosis is a common complication D. chronic complications are developed before it is diagnosed

answer

D. chronic complications are developed before it is diagnosed

question

Most chronic complications associated with diabetes result from: A. altered kidney function B. infection that deplete nutrient reserves C. weight gain and hypertension D. damage to blood vessels and nerves

answer

D. damage to blood vessels and nerves

question

Long term glycemic control is usually elevated by: A. self-monitoring of blood glucose B. testing urinary ketone levels C. measuring glycated hemoglobin D. testing urinary protien levels (microalbuminuria)

answer

C. measuring glycated hemoglobin

question

Regarding dietary carbohydrate, a patient with diabetes should be most concerned about: A. consuming the correct quantity of carbohydrate at each meal or snack B. consuming the correct proportion of sugars, starches, and fiber in meals C. avoiding added sugars and kcaloric sweeteners D. choosing meals with idea proportions of protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

answer

A. consuming the correct quantity of carbohydrate at each meal or snack

question

Which of the following is true regarding the general use of alcohol in diabetes? A. a serving of alcohol is considered part of the carbohydrate allowance B. alcohol contributes to hyperglycemia and should be avoided completely C. alcohol can cause hypoglycemia and should therefore be consumed with food if patients use insulin or medication that stimulates insulin secretion D. Patients can use alcohol in unlimited quantities unless they are pregnant.

answer

C. alcohol can cause hypoglycemia and should therefore be consumed with food if patients use insulin or

question

The meal-planning strategy best suited to all people with diabetes is: A. carbohydrate counting B. the exchange list system C. following menus and recipes provided by a registered dietitian D. any approach that best helps the patient control blood glucose levels

answer

D. any approach that best helps the patient control blood glucose levels

question

A patient using intensive insulin therapy is likely to follow a regimen that involves: A. a twice-daily injection that combine short, intermediate, and long acting insulin in each injection B. a mixture of intermediate and long acting inuslin injected between meals C. multiple daily injections that supply basal insulin and precise insulin does at each meal D. the use of both insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents.

answer

C. multiple daily injections that supply basal insulin and precise insulin does at each meal

question

In a person who has previously maintained good glycemic control, hyperglycemia can be precipitated by: A. infections or illness B. chronic alcohol ingestion C. undertreatment of hypoglycemia D. prolonged exercise

answer

C. undertreatment of of hypoglycemia

question

Women with pregnancies complicated by diabetes: A. genreally benefit from larger meals and a snack at bedtime B. often need less carbohydrates at breakfast C. need more carbohydrate than women with diabetes who are not pregnant D. need more kcalories to support the pregnancy than woman without diabetes

answer

B. often need less carbohydrates at breakfast

question

Ischemia in the coronary arteries is a frequent cause of: A. angina pectoris B. hemorrhagic stroke C. aneurysm D. hypertension

answer

B. hemorrhagic stroke

question

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except: A. smoking B. hypertension C. diabetes mellitus D. elevated HDL cholesterol

answer

D. Elevated HDL cholesterol

question

The dietary lipids with the strongest LDL cholesterol-raising effects are: A. monounsaturated fats B. polyunsaturated fats C. saturated fats D. plant sterols

answer

C. saturated fats

question

The omega 3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, which may improve some risk factors for heart disease, are obtained by consuming: A. fatty fish B. soy products C. egg yolks and organ meats D. nuts and seeds

answer

A. fatty fish

question

Moderate alcohol consumption can improve heart disease risk, in part, because it: A. lowers blood pressure B. improves nutrition status C. offsets the damage from smoking D. increases HDL cholesterol levels

answer

D. increases HDL cholesterol levels

question

Patients with mild hypertriglyceriemia may improve their triglyceride levels by: A. reducing sodium intake B. consuming moderate amounts of alcohol C. avoiding high carbohydrate intake D. reducing cholesterol intake

answer

C. avoiding high carbohydrate intake

question

In most cases of hypertension, the cause is: A. excessive alcohol use B. atherosclerosis C. hormonal imbalances D. unknown

answer

D. unknown

question

Hypertensive patients can benefit from all of the following dietary and lifestyle modifications except: A. including fat-free or low-fat milk products in the diet B. reducing total fat intake C. consuming generous amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts D. reducing sodium intake

answer

B. reducing total fat intake

question

Nutrition therapy for a patient with heart failure usually includes: A. weight loss B. reducing total fat intake C. sodium restriction D. cholesterol restriction

answer

C. sodium restriction

question

Hemorrhagic stroke: A. is the most common type of stroke B. results from obstructed blood flow within the brain tissue C. comes on suddenly and usually lasts up to 30 minutes D. results from bleeding within the brain, which damages the brain tissue

answer

D. results from bleeding within the brain, which damages the brain tissue

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? A. activation of vitamin K B. maintenance of acid-base balance C. elimination of metabolic waste products D. maintenance of electrolyte balances

answer

A. activation of vitamin K

question

The nephrotic syndrome frequently results in: A. the uremic syndrome B. oliguria C. edema D. renal colic

answer

C. edema

question

Dietary recommendations for patients with the nephrotic syndrome include: A. high protein intake B. sodium restriction C. potassium and phosphorus restrictions D. fluid restriction

answer

B. sodium restriction

question

Hyperkalemia is often treated by: A. eliminating potassium from the diet B. using diuretics to increase potassium losses C. increasing fluid consumption D. using potassium-exchange resins, which bind potassium in the GI tract

answer

D. using potassium-exchange resins, which bind potassium in the GI tract

question

Fluid requirements for oliguric patients are estimated by adding about _____ milliliters to the volume of urine output. A. 100 B. 300 C. 500 D. 750

answer

B. 300

question

The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is: A. diabetes mellitus B. hypertension C. autoimmune disease D. exposure to toxins

answer

A. diabetes mellitus

question

A person with chronic kidney disease who has been following a renal diet for several years begins hemodialysis treatment. An appropriate dietary adjustment would be to: A. reduce protein intake B. consume protein more liberally C. increase intakes of sodium and water D. consume potassium and phosphorous more liberally

answer

B. consume protein more liberally

question

Which of the following nutrients may be unintentionally restricted when a patient restricts phosphorus intake

answer

B. calcium

question

Most kidney stones are made primarily from: A. struvite B. uric acid C. calcium oxalate D. cystine

answer

C. calcium oxalate

question

Treatment for all kidney stones includes: A. dietary oxalate restriction B. dietary protein restriction C. vitamin C supplimation D. a fluid intake that maintains a urine volume of at least 2 1/2 liters per day

answer

D. a fluid intake that maintains a urine volume of at least 2 1/2 liters per day

question

Which of the dietary substances may help to protect against cancer? A. alcohol B. well-cooked meats, poultry, and fish C. animal fats D. phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables

answer

D. phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables

question

The metabolic changes that often accompany cancer include all of the following except: A. increased triglyceride breakdown B. increased protein turnover C. increased muscle protein synthesis D. insulin resistance

answer

C. increased muscle protein synthesis

question

An advantage of radiation therapy over chemotherapy is that: A. radiation is not damaging rapidly dividing cells B. side effects of radiation do not include malnutrition C. radiation can be directed towards the regions affected by cancer D. the radiation is used too weak to damage the tissues

answer

C. radiation can be directed towards the regions affected by cancer

question

Although many caner patients lose weight, which type of cancer is often associated with weight gain? A. Kidney cancer B. breast cancer C. colon cancer D. lung cancer

answer

B. breast cancer

question

Oral diets after bone marrow transplants may restrict: A. fiber B. carbohydrates C. high- protein foods D. raw fruits and vegetables

answer

D. raw fruits and vegetables

question

HIV can enter and destroy these cells: A. epithelial cells B. helper T cells C. liver cells D. intestinal cells

answer

B. helper T cells

question

HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome may result in all of these changes except: A. increased abdominal fat B. increased fat in the arms and legs C. fat accumulation at the base of the neck D. hypertriglyceridema

answer

B. increased fat in the arms and legs

question

Mouth sores in people with HIV infections are most frequently due to: A. oral infections B. dehydration C. nutrient deficiency D. foodborne illness

answer

A. oral infections

question

Megestol acetate and dronabinol are: A. medications used to promote weight gain B. protease inhibitors that fight HIV infection C. medications that treat common opportunistic infections D. anabolic hormones that promote gain of muscle tissue

answer

A. medications to promote weight gain

question

To prevent cryposporidiosis, a person with HIV infection may need to: A. wash hands carefully before meals B. avoid consuming under cooked meat, poultry, and eggs C. consume a high- kalorie, high protein diet D. boil drinking water for one minute.

answer

D. boil drinking water for one minute.

question

The nurse is working with a hepatitis patient who is malnourished. Which of the following would be the most appropriate type of nutrition support for this client? a. a regular, balanced diet b. frequent, small meals c. enteral formula supplements d. high-kcalorie, high-protein diet

answer

d. high-kcalorie, high-protein diet

question

Fatty liver can develop from all of the following except: a. alcoholic liver disease. b. celiac disease. c. diseases of malnutrition. d. obesity.

answer

b. celiac disease.

question

Blood flow is impeded in a cirrhotic liver, causing: a. portal hypertension. b. elevated cholesterol levels. c. jaundice. d. fatty liver.

answer

a. portal hypertension.

question

Ascites is exacerbated by: a. low plasma albumin levels. b. abdominal pressure. c. hyperglycemia. d. amino acid imbalances.

answer

A. low plasma albumin levels

question

Muscle wasting may be masked by _____ in the patient with cirrhosis of the liver. a. excessive fatty tissue b. varices c. dehydration d. edema

answer

d. edema

question

For clients on sodium-restricted diets, you should suggest: a. using garlic salt or onion salt for seasoning. b. adding lemon juice to fish for flavoring. c. eating saltines as a snack. d. increasing fluid intake.

answer

b. adding lemon juice to fish for flavoring.

question

Which of the following drinking-related behaviors will reduce the likelihood that, when drinking, one will become inebriated? a. drink before the dinner meal b. eat snacks while having a drink c. drink straight liquor rather than mixed drinks d. drink beer instead of hard liquor

answer

b. eat snacks while having a drink

question

The most common complication of alcoholic abuse is: a. chronic pancreatitis. b. liver disease. c. chronic renal failure. d. heart arrhythmias.

answer

b. liver disease.

question

If using multiple daily injections to manage type 1 diabetes, ideally _____ insulin is injected to meet basal needs and ____ insulin is used before meals. a. rapid-acting, long-acting b. rapid-acting or short-acting, intermediate-acting or long-acting c. intermediate-acting or long-acting, rapid-acting or short-acting d. long-acting, intermediate-acting

answer

c. intermediate-acting or long-acting, rapid-acting or short-acting

question

If an individual has not eaten for most of the day, what mechanism is triggered to maintain blood glucose? a. insulin is released b. epinephrine is released c. glucagon is released d. pH remains in the normal range

answer

c. glucagon is released

question

The health care professional knows her instruction on label reading is effective when the client states: a. Add the grams of total carbohydrate and grams of sugars together to determine the amount of carbohydrate in the food. b. Adjust the total carbohydrates by subtracting the fiber grams provided in each serving. c. Use only the grams of sugar in each serving to determine carbohydrate choices. d. Combine the sugar and fiber in each serving to determine carbohydrate choices.

answer

b. Adjust the total carbohydrates by subtracting the fiber grams provided in each serving.

question

Which of the following foods provides the quickest rise in blood sugars? a. Low fat yogurt b. Peanut butter c. orange juice d. Plain tea

answer

C. orange juice

question

Ketone bodies are a result of a condensation reaction of: a. glucose units. b. fat molecules. c. proteins. d. carbohydrates.

answer

b. fat molecules

question

Mr. Sanchez, a 52-year-old male, is being discharged from the hospital. He participates freely in the discussion during discharge instructions for managing type 2 diabetes. Which statement indicates some understanding of his nutrition plan? a. "I should avoid dried beans and peas because they have too much starch." b. "Green peas and green beans are both in the vegetable exchange group." c. "Sausage won't make my blood sugar go up but it will clog my arteries." d. "If I don't want to drink 8 oz. of skim milk, I can drink 4 oz. of whole milk instead."

answer

c. "Sausage won't make my blood sugar go up but it will clog my arteries."

question

The formation of plaque is: a. unrelated to high blood pressure. b. an inflammatory response. c. an autoimmune disorder. d. limited to smaller blood vessels.

answer

b. an inflammatory response

question

The primary blood cholesterol linked to CHD risk is: a. HDL. b. LDL. c. triglycerides. d. VLDL.

answer

b. LDL

question

Obesity is to type 2 diabetes as elevated levels _____ is/are to atherosclerosis. a. chylomicrons b. HDL c. LDL d. estrogen

answer

C. LDL

question

Mr. Goldman is a 55-year-old Caucasian who has suffered a MI. His total cholesterol level is 242 mg/dL, LDL 172 mg/dL, HDL 35 mg/dL, and triglycerides 400 mg/dL. Which statement by Mr. Goldman suggests some accurate recall of dietary instructions for lowering his cholesterol? a. "I should drink a glass of wine every day to raise my HDL cholesterol." b. "I'm supposed to eat 300 mg of cholesterol/day." c. "I must eliminate red meat from my diet." d. "Avoidance of saturated and trans fat is a primary concern."

answer

d. "Avoidance of saturated and trans fat is a primary concern."

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding trans fats? a. They raise LDL levels. b. They are found in foods made with partially hydrogenated oils. c. Their intake should be kept as low as possible. d. They raise HDL levels

answer

d. They raise HDL levels

question

Lifestyle modifications for reducing blood pressure include increasing: a. body weight. b. sodium intake. c. physical activity. d. alcohol consumption.

answer

c. physical activity

question

Which of the following meals is lowest in sodium for someone with CHF to consume? a. pancakes, sausage, and orange juice b. chicken breast, baked potato, and spinach c. spaghetti with tomato sauce, carrots, and dinner roll d. cheeseburger on a bun with lettuce, tomato and ketchup, and milkshake

answer

b. chicken breast, baked potato, and spinach

question

Prior to feeding someone post-stroke, the health care professional should assess the client for a. food intolerance. b. salt sensitivity. c. swallowing ability. d. hydration status.

answer

c. swallowing ability.

question

The reduction of plasma proteins in nephrotic syndrome may cause: a. muscle hypertrophy. b. decreased LDL c. osteomalacia. d. edema.

answer

d. edema

question

Diet, as a treatment for nephrotic syndrome, focuses on a. increasing the fat content in the diet. b. preventing protein malnutrition and alleviating edema c. high-protein diets. d. high sodium intake.

answer

b. preventing protein malnutrition and alleviating edema

question

The majority of sodium comes from _____ in a typical diet. a. salt added at the table b. salt added during cooking c. processed foods d. unprocessed natural foods

answer

c. processed foods

question

Patients should be advised that which of the following foods contribute to the fluid allowance in fluid-restricted diets? a. gelatin b. pudding c. apple pie d. cheese

answer

a. gelatin

question

A patient in renal failure with hyperkalemia would likely be advised to avoid what high potassium food? a. grapefruit b. grapes c. apple d. bananas

answer

d. bananas

question

The glucose absorbed from the dialysate used in peritoneal dialysis can provide as many as _____ kcalories daily. a. 200 b. 400 c. 800 d. 1000

answer

c. 800

question

John Miller is on dialysis and his current protein allowance is 1.2 grams/kg/day. Six to eight weeks after he receives a kidney transplant, the health care professional should expect Mr. Miller's protein intake to be a. unchanged. b. unrestricted. c. decreased to 0.5 g/kg of body weight. d. decreased to 1.0 g/kg of body weight.

answer

d. decreased to 1.0 g/kg of body weight.

question

This name is given to the anorexia associated with cancer.

answer

Cachexia

question

This is the name given to substances that prevent the acceleration of cancer growth.

answer

Anti-promoter

question

Deficiency of folate is associated with a increased risk of what type of cancer?

answer

Cervical

question

The dietary restriction is used in early treatment of HIV includes what?

answer

Low fat (saturated & trans primarily) and cholesterol

question

The nutrition therapy goal for HIV is what?

answer

Preserve lean tissue.

question

How many grams of carbohydrate are in a serving of Starch? Fat? Fruit? Milk? Meat?

answer

Starch 15 g Fat 0 g Fruit 15 g Milk 12 g Meat 0 g

question

What measurement can be used to detect early nephropathy?

answer

Microalbuminuria

question

Which type of insulin is used before meals and which type is used to cover basal needs?

answer

Rapid or short acting before meals Long acting basal needs

question

Glucose spill into the urine when blood glucose exceeds ______mg/dL.

answer

200 mg/dL

question

To treat hypoglycemia, one would provide _______.

answer

15-20 grams CHO

question

Which nutrients contribute more to causing atherosclerosis than any other?

answer

Saturated and trans Fat

question

Which nutrient decreases the inflammatory response that contributes to heart disease?

answer

Omega 3 fatty acids

question

How many grams of soy protein are recommended to decrease cholesterol levels?

answer

25 grams

question

What nutrients are important to treat hypertension?

answer

High/adequate: magnesium, calcium, and potassium Low/reduced: sodium (also saturated & trans fats, and cholesterol).

question

With congestive heart failure, what dietary restriction is recommended?

answer

Sodium & fluid restrictions

question

Alcohol is primarily absorbed into the blood stream through which digestive organ?

answer

Stomach

question

Fatty liver is caused by which of the following: a) Malnutrition b) Weight loss c) Overdose of medications d) Moderate alcohol consumption

answer

a) malnutrition

question

The diet for cirrhosis is:

answer

Increased kcals Increased protein Sodium restriction Fluid restriction with edema Fat restriction with steatorrhea

question

With cirrhosis, blood levels of albumin are (increased or decreased)?

answer

decreased

question

Complications of cirrhosis include all EXCEPT A.) Ascites B.) Decreased ammonia C.) Portal hypertension D.) Muscle wasting

answer

b) Decreased ammonia

question

Once dialysis is initiated, protein intake ...

answer

Increases (less restrictive)

question

What nutrients are likely to be restricted in end stage renal failure?

answer

Sodium, fluid, potassium

question

When urine output declines in acute renal failure, fluid intake is determined by urine output plus how many additional mL?

answer

500 mL

question

What is the sodium recommendation after a kidney transplant?

answer

2 gram sodium restriction if HTN or edema

question

What are the dietary recommendations for calcium oxalate stones?

answer

Adequate calcium, moderate sodium and protein restriction and avoid vitamin C supplements. PLENTY OF WATER!

question

Which food likely has the most trans fats in it? A.) Grilled chicken breast B.) Canola oil C.) Cookies D.) Butter

answer

c) cookies

question

Which food is NOT a good source of potassium? A.) Banana B.) Avocado C.)Tomato D.) Apple

answer

d.) apple

question

Which food has the least sodium? A.) Steamed fresh vegetables B.) Canned stewed tomatoes C.) French fries D.) Tortilla chips

answer

a) Steamed fresh veggies

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to fluid consumption on a fluid restricted diet? A) Tea B)Pudding C) Ice cream D) Gelatin

answer

B) pudding

question

The best food source likely to be fortified with plant sterols is: A) Steak B) Margarine C) Olive oil D) Lettuce Salad

answer

B) margarine

question

What formula characteristics are necessary for someone with COPD?

answer

Lower carbohydrate, nutrient dense (hypertonic)

Nutrition Ch. 19-23 (Pt. 2) – Flashcards

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