Nuclear Chemistry Cards – Flashcards
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Atomic number is the same as
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protons
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Mass Number
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protons+ neutrons not found on periodic table
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Iosotopes
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atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons Different mass numbers
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Isotope name includes
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mass number
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Nuclear Chmistry
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study of changes and energy associated with the nucleus Discovery of xrays and radioactivity
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xrays found by
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William Roenten
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Radioactivity founded by
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Becquerel
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First radioactive elements were
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Polonium and Radium
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Radiation
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energy or particles emitted from a source and traveling through space: energy/light/xrays
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Radioactivity
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spontaneous release of radiation from the nucleus of an atom
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What determines if Radioactivity is dangerous
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the type of radiation and amount of exposure
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Acute radiation
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great amount in short amount of time
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Chronic
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small amount in long periods of time
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How can radioactivity be limited by
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shielding, time, distance
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What causes radioactivity
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unstable Nuclei n/p=1 The farther form 1 the more unstable it becomes Only 262 of 1500 isotopes are stable
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Nuclear changes in an atoms
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nucleaus Chemical change in valance electrons
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Nuclear different types of isotopes have different
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reactions Chemical all isotopes behave he same way
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Nuclear energy=
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chemical energy
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Naturally made radioactivity
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alpha, betal, gamma
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Wave radioactivity
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Gamma
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manmade radioactivity
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Positron
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Particles radioactivity
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Alpha, beta, positron
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Alpha
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2 protons and 2 neutrons Letter symbol is a cursive a
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Numeric symbol of alpha
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4/2 He
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Electrical charge of alpha
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+2
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Penetrating power and can be stopped by Alpha
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relatively weak Can be stopped by paper, skin, clothing
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Beta
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an electron released from the nucleus A neutron decays into a proton plus an electron which is ejected Letter is a B- with a tale
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Numeric symbol of beta
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0/-1 e
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Electrical charge of Beta
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-1
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Penetrating power and can be stopped by of Beta
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greater than alpha A thin sheet of metal
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Positron
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similar to an electron but positively charged Proton converts to a neutron and ejects with positive charge
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Letter symbol of positron and numeric symbol
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B+ with tale, 0/+1 e
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Electrical charge and penetrating power or postitron
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+1 ad same as beta
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Gamma
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High energy waves released from the nucleus No mass
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Letter symbol of gamma and numeric symbol
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y and none
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Penetrating power and stopped by gamma
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greatest of all radiaiton Several inches of concreate or lead Passes easily through body Often accompanies other types of radiation
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Transmutation
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Conversion of one element to another by a nuclear reaction A new element is often produced
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Balancing Nuclear equations
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must have atomic mass and mass numbers equal on both sides.
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Emission
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particle is a product- right side
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Absorbtion
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particle is a reactant= left side of the arrow
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Radioactive Decay
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Some nuclei have to go through several steps before becoming stable Radioactive decay series Parent nuclide decays and forms daughter nuclide This occurs until isotope becomes stable
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Half life
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measure rate of radioactive decay, time required for half the sample to decay Units at any time depends on stability TOM chart look at practice problems time use sig figs as original Mass needs to be exact
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Nuclear chem applications
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Radioactive dating Agricultural application Irradiation- on fruits Pest Control Medicine Medical diagnosis and treatments- XRAYS not chemotheropy Pace maker powering Others Power weapns smoke alarms
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Induced radioactivity
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making stable nuclides radioactive by bombarding them with high energy particles Synthetic elements made this way Why they are all radioactive
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Nuclear Fission
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nucleus splits Releases a large amount of energy Radioactive waste products often radioactive Spontaneous or induced
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Chain reaction
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a fission reaction that continues to repeat itself and is self sustaining Must contain critical mass
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Critical Mass
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minimum amount of material required to keep a chain reaction going
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Nuclear Fusion
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Two light nuclei combine into a heavier nucleaus Much energy produced Less radioactive waste More difficult to achieve Nuclear fussion occurs on the sun and in stars but we have been unable to achieve continous nuclear fusion on earth
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Finding isotopes stability
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take the mass number- atomic number Take atomic number/number of mass-atomic Number closest to 1 is the most stable
