Neuroscience- Chapter 13: Psychiatric Disorders – Flashcards
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What are obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias, panic disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder examples of?
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anxiety disorders
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What percent of the adult population are affected by an anxiety disorder?
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18
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People who suffer from anxiety often also suffer from _____________.
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depression
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Of the 2.2 million American adults affected by OCD, approximately how many develop their symptoms as children?
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one-third
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What specific disorder is characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors?
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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True or false: Sufferers of OCD do not recognize their repetitive behaviors as groundless.
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False: individuals with OCD do recognize their repetitive behavior as groundless
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What kind of scans have been used to reveal abnormalities in cortical and deep areas of the brain in patients with OCD?
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PET scans
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Scientists have discovered OCD in what other animal?
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dogs
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Dogs afflicted with acral lick syndrome responded to what serotonergic antidepressant?
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clomipramine
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In addition to serotonergic antidepressants, what is another effective medication in treating OCD? What are two specific examples?
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SSRIs; sertraline and paroxetine
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What is a behavioral intervention proven effective in treating OCD?
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exposure and response prevention
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What two anxiety disorders have similar neurochemical underpinnings that emerge as the result of a particular "stressor"?
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panic disorders and phobias
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What anxiety disorder usually starts unexpectedly and has a prevalence rate of 4.7 percent in the United States?
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panic disorder
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What type of fear can develop if panic disorder is left untreated?
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agoraphobia
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What are two methods effective in treating panic disorder?
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antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy
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What do patients suffering panic disorder have an overwhelming sense of?
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impending doom
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What is an intense, irrational fear of a particular object or situation?
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phobia
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What is an effective treatment for phobias?
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cognitive behavioral therapy
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What is characterized by intrusive recollections, horror or helplessness, avoidance and numbing?
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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True or false: PTSD has a higher prevalence rate in men than in women.
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False
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What is the lifetime prevalence rate for PTSD in the United States?
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6.8 %
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Apart from dysregulation of stress hormones and disordered sleep, PTSD is also associated with which disorder?
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major depressive disorder
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PTSD has a higher prevalence rate among who?
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military personnel
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Which neurotransmitter is released in the brain during stress?
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norepinephrine
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Which alpha-1 blocker is used to treat the nightmares associated with PTSD? What else has it been used to treat for more than 20 years?
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Prazosin; high blood pressure
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Which beta blocker is typically administered shortly after trauma?
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Propranolol
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Apart from cognitive behavioral therapy, what is another psychotherapy used the treat PTSD?
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eye movement desensitization
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What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
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GABA
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What binds to GABA receptors and enhances responsiveness to endogenous GABA?
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Benzodiazepines (e.g. Xanax, Valium)
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What has been altered in the central nervous system of patients with PTSD?
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GABA receptors
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What is neurobiological disorder is characterized by motor and vocal tics?
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Tourette syndrome
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About how many Americans are affected by Tourette syndrome?
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200,000
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True or false: Females are affected three to four times as often as males.
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False
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Tourette syndrome symptoms usually appear between what ages?
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four and eight
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Tourette syndrome results from abnormal activity in what brain system?
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the basal ganglia
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True or false: The majority of people with Tourette syndrome require medication.
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False
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What two stimulant medications have improved attention and decreased tics in Tourette syndrome?
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methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine
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What kind of symptoms in Tourette's can be treated with SSRIs, antidepressants, and related medications?
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obsessive-compulsive symptoms
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To ensure maximum alleviation of symptoms with minimal side effects, medication for Tourette's is administered in what kind of doses with what kind of increases?
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small doses with gradual increases
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What has proven to be highly effective in training circuits that control specific behavior related to Tourette syndrome tics?
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behavioral therapies
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What is one of the most common mental disorders that is disabling as heart disease or arthritis?
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Major depression
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What are three factors that play a role in an individual's risk for depression?
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genes, environment, and stress
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The physical symptoms of depression reflect a disturbance where in the brain?
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the hypothalamus
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Which hormone is secreted in excess in depressed patients?
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cortisol
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Which region, which normally integrates aspects of cognition and emotion, is the target for deep brain stimulation in severely depressed patients? Where is that region located?
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the anterior cingulate gyrus; the prefrontal cerebral cortex
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What percent of adult patients in the United States respond to psychotherapy, drugs, or a combination of the two?
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80 percent
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Which treatment was originally developed for patients with neurodegenerative diseases and now has a modified use for depression?
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deep brain stimulation
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What do antidepressant drugs increase levels of? What do some medications also target?
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norepinephrine or serotonin; dopamine
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What well known drugs (primarily used for treating depression) act solely on serotonin? (full name)
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Where do the increased levels of neurotransmitters initiate plastic changes?
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cells and circuits
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True or false: The increased level of neurotransmitters leads to improvement of depressed symptoms over several days.
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False
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Which drug blocks NMDA glutamate receptors and has been shown to alleviate symptoms of depression?
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Ketamine
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What typically prevents the clinical use of ketamine in treating depression?
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the side effects
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What is characterized by patients experiencing episodes of deep depression and manic highs?
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Bipolar disorder
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True or false: Many bipolar patients return to normal moods in between acute episodes.
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True
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Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are indistinguishable from those of what other disorder?
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Major depression
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What is characterized by a decreased need for sleep, poor judgment, and a marked increase in goal-directed activities?
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Mania
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What are symptoms of extreme mania?
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delusions and/or hallucinations
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What is the term for mild mania?
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Hypomania
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Approximately what percentage of the world suffers from bipolar disorder with full manic episodes? With hypomanic episodes?
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1 percent; 2.6 percent
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Is there a genetic component to bipolar disorder?
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yes
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True or false: Bipolar disorder is influenced by one gene.
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False; it is likely many genes interacting with the environment
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What kind of animals were injected with Lithium in the late 1940s?
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Guinea pigs
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What is a common mood stabilizing drug used for treatment of bipolar disorder?
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Lithium
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Is lithium equally effective for both manic and depressive symptoms?
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It improves manic symptoms and stabilizes mood, but many patients require additional treatment for their deprssion.
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Both mood stabilizers and drugs initially developed as ________________ are used to treat bipolar disorder.
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anticonvulsants (e.g. valproate)
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Which disorder is marked by disturbances in thinking, cognition, emotional reactions, and social behavior and usually results in chronic illness and personality change?
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Schizophrenia
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What percent of the United States population is affected by schizophrenia?
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1.1 percent
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What is the annual cost total for schizophrenia in the United States?
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$62.7 billion
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What are two examples of environmental factors prenatally or early in life that can exacerbate a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia?
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maternal infections or direct brain trauma
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What are the fluid filled spaces in the brain called?
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ventricles
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In addition to enlarged ventricles, what is another abnormality shown in the brain scans of people with schizophrenia?
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reduced size of certain brain regions
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What are types of functional neuroimaging scans used when patients perform cognitive tasks?
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PET and fMRI
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What three chemicals appear to be particularly involved in the abnormal brain functioning of patients with schizophrenia?
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dopamine, glutamate, and GABA
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Mutations in several genes involved in what have been identified to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia?
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nerve cell communication
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Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed between what two ages?
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15 and 25
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_______ percent of individuals with schizophrenia return to a productive life after a single episode, while _________ experience intermittent episodes throughout their lives and ________ will not recover their ability to live as independent adults.
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15 percent; 60 percent; 25 percent
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Hallucinations, delusions, and confused thinking are examples of what sort of symptoms in schizophrenia?
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positive symptoms
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Inability to experience pleasure and lack of motivation are examples of what sort of symptoms in schizophrneia?
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negative symptoms
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True or false: Negative symptoms are generally resistant to drug treatment.
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True
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What was the first antipsychotic drug discovered by accident and shown to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia? When was it discovered?
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Chlorpromazine; 1950s
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Which receptors are blocked by the first generation antipsychotics?
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Dopamine
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The first generation of antipsychotic drugs have a high prevalence of side effects similar to those seen in which disease?
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Parkinson's
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What is the irreversible movement disorder is a risk with first generation antipsychotics?
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Tardive dyskinesia
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The second generation of antipsychotic medications were developed to be more effective in treating the positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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the positive symptoms
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What are three examples of debilitating side effects associated with the second generation of antipsychotic drugs?
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weight gain, blood disorders, and muscle pain and dysfunction
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Genes associated with which neurotransmitter are implicated in Tourette's Syndrome?
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Dopamine
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What is typically prescribed for patients with individuals with bipolar disorder instead of antidepressants?
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mood stabilizers
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What are two neural phenotypes of patients with schizophrenia?
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enlarged ventricles and reduced cortex in certain areas.
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What is a treatment used for severely depressed patients who do not show improvement after treatment with medication and therapy?
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
