neurochem Final – Flashcards
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The sense of relaxation and well-being that smokers receive from a cigarette is actually the sensation of the withdrawal symptoms being subdued.
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True
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The further cocaine gets from its original production source, the more pure it becomes.
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False
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Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects a smoker?
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increases blood pressure and heart rate
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The effects of amphetamines last longer than the effects of cocaine because amphetamines can block enzymes from metabolizing neurotransmitters, which creates a continued overstimulation.
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True
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Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called.
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amphetamine congeners
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Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways?
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#1. increase the brain's electrical activity, chemical activity, CNS, PNS
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When a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine, it results in physical pain, extreme fatigue, and depression.
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True
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When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, which of the following occurs?
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#1. The user becomes exhausted. #2. Emotional depression sets in.
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Formication, the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (e.g., coke bugs, meth bugs, and snow bugs) are crawling under one's skin, is caused by the visual hallucinogenic effects of stimulants.
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False
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On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?
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cardiovascular system
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Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ____________ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.
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painful stimuli
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The synergistic effect of drugs refers to
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the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS
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Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants.
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True
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Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.
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False
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Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.
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True
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Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly.
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True
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Most sedative-hypnotics are from natural sources.
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False
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In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following?
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#1. over-the-counter and look-alike downers, including antihistamines #2. skeletal muscle relaxants #3. sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines
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Which of the following statements are true about the way opioids affect the brain's neurochemistry?
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#1. Opioids act like endorphins. #2. Opioids can block substance P.
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Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?
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alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics
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The life span of a chronic high-dose drinker is
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15 years shorter than that of the general population
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Susceptibility to blackouts and brownouts is also a marker for susceptibility to alcoholism.
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True
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Easy access to alcohol, a permissive societal view of drinking, unsafe living conditions, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare and drug recovery programs are examples of what factors associated with increased alcohol use?
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environmental
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Women have a higher percentage of body water than do men of comparable size, so there is more water to dilute the alcohol they drink.
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False
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Although alcohol is absorbed at different rates, metabolism occurs at a relatively defined continuous rate.
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True
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Alcohol interacts with more types of receptors, neurotransmitters, and genes than do marijuana and cocaine.
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True
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In the United States, approximately what percentage of hospital admissions are due to medical complications related alcohol use?
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25-30%
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Chronic heavy drinking can contribute to which of the following diseases?
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#1. cancer of the stomach and esophagus #2. malnutrition #3. hypertension (high blood pressure) #4. cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal irregular heart rhythms)
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A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ______ and is located in the ______ and the ______.
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alcohol dehydrogenase; stomach; liver
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Drinking experience, not heredity, affects a person's ability to tolerate a given amount of alcohol.
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False
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Ketamine is most similar to which drug?
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PCP
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Psilocybin mushrooms cause less disassociation, panic, and psychotic reactions compared with LSD.
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True
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In addition to their psychedelic effects, "all arounders" almost always depress the central nervous system.
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False
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Psychedelics come only from natural plant sources.
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False
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The effect an all arounder has on the user depends on which of the following factors?
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#1. the user's mind-set #2. the physical setting in which the drug is used #3. the amount taken or dosage
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Hashish is made from
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cannabis resin
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Anterograde amnesia is the term used to describe an inability to remember what happened during a psychedelic trip.
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True
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Which of the following are visual indications that a person may be on MDMA (ecstasy)?
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dilated pupils and twitching eyelids
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Marijuana withdrawal has been associated with which of the following symptoms?
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#1. inability to concentrate and marijuana cravings #2. chills, aches, and sweating #3. sleep disturbances and slight tremors #4. decreased appetite and stomach pain
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PCP can be recirculated from the body fat to the brain, causing an actual drug "flashback."
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True
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Compulsive shoppers have described the relief from depression and the subsequent high from buying in terms similar to those describing
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the high derived from cocaine
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The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an impulse-control disorder.
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True
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Three main categories of drugs used in sports include therapeutic drugs, performance enhancing drugs and recreational and mood altering drugs.
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True
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Which disorder is similar to compulsive shopping?
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hoarding
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"Addiction" is the disease, whereas inhalant abuse, steroid misuse, or compulsive gambling, eating, shopping, or sex are the manifestations of the disease.
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True
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Which gene signals a susceptibility to both alcoholism and gambling?
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DRD2A1 allele gene
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Drugs that stimulate which neurotransmitter have the potential to treat sexual addiction?
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serotonin
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Which of the following are warning signs that someone may be abusing inhalants?
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#1. recurring or frequent headaches #2. chemical odor on the body #3. inflammation of the nasal lining
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Which of the following statements is true about anorexia?
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Anorexics have a distorted perception of their body's shape and size.
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Cyber-addiction and gaming addiction, including MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games), are characterized by which of the following actions?
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#1. using the computer or video games for 40 hours or more per week #2. losing track of time while logged on #3. neglecting responsibilities #4.feeling irritable and anxious when offline
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According to the textbook, the "lag phase" refers to which of the following statements?
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the time between initial use of alcohol or other drugs and the development of severe consequences due to the use or abuse of the substance
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The legality of alcohol and tobacco, coupled with pervasive advertising of these substances, reduces the effectiveness and limits the credibility of many prevention programs.
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True
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Contaminated needles spread which disease(s)?
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A. HIV/AIDS B. hepatitis C. chlamydia D. all of the above- ANSWER
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Which of the following are common mistakes made by alcohol and other drug prevention and education efforts on college campuses?
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#1. They often overlook and do not recognize the level of sophistication most college students have regarding most aspects of alcohol and other drugs. #3. Prevention messages often appear condescending to the average student.
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False-negative results, not false positives, constitute the majority of urine-testing errors.
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True
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The three parts of the public health model used to explain the prevention model are
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B. host, environment, and agent
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Which level(s) of prevention is/are most likely to include intervention?
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secondary and tertiary prevention
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Children who grow up in a home with a drug-using or alcohol-abusing family member take on distinctive roles that affect their personalities.
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True
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Which of the following have been identified as risk factors for substance abuse among veterans and military service members?
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#1. the stress and the anxiety of combat and deployment #2. the regional availability of indigenous drugs like cannabis (hashish, marijuana) and opiates (opium, heroin) #3. social norms that support a heavy-drinking culture within branches of the military
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The phrase "supply reduction" refers to prevention programs that prevent people from wanting to use illicit drugs.
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False
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There is a national registry of prevention and treatment programs, but program results are anecdotal rather than evidence based.
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False
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Endogenous craving associated with initial abstinence is a type of drug hunger brought about by the depletion of brain neurotransmitters during drug use.
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True
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One of the reasons why there is increasing use of medications to treat addiction is because
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certain drugs can lessen craving
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Coerced (legally mandated) treatment is not as effective as voluntary treatment.
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False
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Which of the following best defines codependency?
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An individual depends on the addict to fulfill some need of his or her own.
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Which of the following are principles of effective treatment?
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#2. Treatment needs to be readily available. #3. No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals. #4. An individual's treatment and services plan must be continually assessed and modified when necessary.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence for stages of change?
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pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination (preparation), action, maintenance and relapse prevention
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Addiction generally affects only the person with the problem and does not affect family members or family dynamics.
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False
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Which of the following are common errors that new and inexperienced addiction counselors make in group treatment, according to the textbook?
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#1. unrealistic and preconceived notions of how the group will progress #2. an inability to recognize the stages of therapy and stages of change #3. failure to drop the professionalism "mask" #4. failure to plan and establish ground rules and not adequately integrating new members into the group
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Which of the following techniques is not an aspect of motivational interviewing?
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confronting clients in an effort to help them get beyond their denial
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Which of the following constitute the three phases of a psychotherapeutic approach for treatment of dual diagnosis?
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#2. maintaining abstinence #3. continuing psychotherapy along with psychiatric medication #4. achieving abstinence
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Substance-abuse treatment facilities often avoid accepting dually-diagnosed patients, seeing them as too disruptive or inattentive to participate in group therapy.
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True
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Which of the following is a thought or psychotic disorder?
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schizophrenia
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The type of drug a person uses has little impact on the symptoms of his or her co-occurring mental health disorders.
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False
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Which of the following statements are true regarding mental illnesses?
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#1. Environmental influences, such as extreme stress, can unbalance neurochemistry and increase a person's susceptibility to mental illness. #2. Drug use can trigger a mental illness when the user is predisposed to depression or schizophrenia. #4. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood is common among women who have borderline personality disorder (BPD).
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Which of the following statements is true regarding conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder among children and adolescents?
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They are strong predictors of alcohol and drug use problems.
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Substance-induced disorders are mental health problems caused by alcohol and other drug use.
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True
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When a psychiatric diagnosis is made while a person is in the earliest stage of treatment for substance abuse, the psychiatric diagnosis is most likely to be accurate.
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False
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Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternation between periods of mild and deep depression.
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False
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A person who has a preexisting clearly defined mental illness before becoming involved with drug abuse could fit which of the following assessment profiles?
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An individual who uses drugs to self-medicate mental health symptoms
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Attempts to solve the problems of drug abuse, addiction, and crime focus on demand reduction, supply reduction, and reduction of drug potency.
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False
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Which of the following statements is/are true regarding 12-step programs?
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#2. There are more than 50 major topics (e.g., Narcotics Anonymous, Sex Addicts Anonymous, and Overeaters Anonymous) covered by 12-step groups operating around the world.
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Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented.
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False
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The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods.
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True
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Listed below are three different sequential variations of drugs in the opiate family. Which one accurately represents the order in which the drugs were discovered and used (from left to right, representing oldest to newest drug forms).
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opium, morphine, heroin
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Which of the following statements are true about plants and plant byproducts that produce psychedelic effects?
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#1. Plants with psychedelic properties have been used in religious, magical, and social ceremonies throughout history. #2. There is a type of mold that can infect rye plants and produce an LSD-like experience. #4. Certain types of cactus produce psychedelic experiences when eaten.
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Psychiatric medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to
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rebalance irregular brain chemistry
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Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C?
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#1. sharing of contaminated needles #2. drug-induced high-risk sexual practices
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In 1937 marijuana became illegal in the United States largely because
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#1. the chief federal drug regulator wanted a new mission and purpose after alcohol Prohibition was repealed, and he chose marijuana #2. smoking of marijuana by Mexican migrant workers became demonized because the workers were perceived as a social and economic threat
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Compulsive behaviors (e.g., binge eating, anorexia, bulimia, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, and Internet addiction) affect many of the same areas of the brain that are influenced by psychoactive drugs.
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True
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Which of the following describes changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs?
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#1. The reward/control circuits of the addiction pathway are hijacked by changes in brain chemistry altered by substance abuse. #2. The "go" circuit becomes overactive and drives compulsive substance use. #3. The "stop" circuit does not function properly and is overridden by the "go" switch. #4. Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain.
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The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse is:
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dopamine
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Which of the following is a sign of addiction?
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There is continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences.
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The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its central nervous system target, the less the reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.
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False
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Which of the following are examples of environmental factors that can make a person more liable to abuse a psychoactive substance?
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#1 Drinking and/or other drug use is common in the home and family environment. #3 Physical and emotional stress are the norm in the home, work, or school environment. #4 An environment in which physical, emotional, or sexual abuse occurs.
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Dendritic "spines" ("memory bumps") grow in the synapse when the nerve is stimulated by sensory input.
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False
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The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function.
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True
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Down regulation of a brain cell's receptors occurs when a person uses drugs and:
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the cell retracts receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters
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The historical and moral conflict between doing what an individual wants to do (primal urges) versus what he should do (common sense, reason) is mirrored in the conflict that arises between the old brain and the new brain when addictive drugs and behaviors are involved.
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True
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There are several routes of administering drugs, and some reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?
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inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion
