(nb) Plant Study Guide – Flashcards
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Introduction to Plants
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1. What are plants?
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Multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Develop through multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.
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2. What are the 2 alternating phases in a plant's life cycles?
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A diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase
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3. What are the 2 types of reproductive cells? What produces them during the 2 phases of the life cycle?
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Gametes and spores. Mitosis and meiosis alternate to produce them.
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4. What is the sporophyte?
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Diploid (2N), or spore-producing, phase of an organism.
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5. What is the gametophyte?
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Haploid (N), or gamete-producing, phase of an organism.
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6. What is a gamete?
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Reproductive cell that is produced by mitosis and fuses during fertilization with another gamete to produce a new individual, the diploid sporophyte.
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7. Which plants need water and which do not?
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Mosses and ferns require water. Seed plants have reproductive cycles that can be carried out without water.
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8. What do plants need to survive?
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Sunlight, water and minerals, gas exchange, and the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
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9. What do many plants have to maximize light absorption?
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Broad and flat leaves.
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10. What is needed for plant growth?
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Minerals and nutrients in the soil.
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11. What kind of gases do plants require?
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Oxygen (to support cellular respiration) and carbon dioxide (to carry out photosynthesis)
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12. What do plants use to take up water and minerals? What do they use to make food? Where do they distribute the products of photosynthesis?
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Roots- water and minerals. Leaves-make food. Plant body.
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13. Where did the first plants evolve from?
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Organism much like the multicellular green algae living today.
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14. How do botanists divide the plant kingdom?
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Divide it into 4 groups based on water-conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers.
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15. How can scientists classify plants more precisely today?
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By comparing DNA sequences of various species.
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22-2 Bryophytes
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1. What are bryophytes?
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Nonvascular plants. (Do not have vascular tissues, or specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients). Mosses and their relatives.
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2. What do the life cycles of bryophytes depend on?
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Water for reproduction.
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3. How can bryophytes draw up water when they lack vascular tissue?
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By osmosis (only a few centimeters above the ground)
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4. What is the most recognizable feature of bryophytes?
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They are low-grounding plants that can be found in moist, shaded areas.
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5. What are the 3 groups of bryophytes?
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Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
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6. Which division do mosses belong to?
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Bryophyta
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7. What are bryophytes well adapted for?
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Life in wet habitats and nutrient-poor soils.
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8. What do mosses produce when they reproduce?
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Thin stalks, each containing a capsule
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9. Why do mosses lose water quickly if the surrounding air is dry?
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Leaves only one cell thick.
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10. What are rhizoids?
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Long, thin cells that anchor them in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil. Water moves from cell to cell through the rhizoids.
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11. Which division do liverworts belong to?
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Hepaticophyta
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12. How do some liverworts reproduce asexually?
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By means of gemmae- small multicellular reproductive structures.
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13. What are gemmae produced in?
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Cuplike structures called gemma cups.
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14. What division do hornworts belong to?
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Anthocerophyta
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15. Where are hornworts found?
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Only in soil that is damp nearly year-round.
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16. In hornworts what do the gametophytes and sporophytes look like?
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Gametophytes= look much like those of liverworts. Sporophytes= Looks like a tiny green horn
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17. In bryophytes what is the dominant stage that carries out most of the plant's photosynthesis?
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Gametophyte
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18. What is dependent on the gametophyte for supplying water and nutrients?
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Sporophyte
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19. What must happen for fertilization to occur?
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Sperm of a bryophyte must swim to an egg.
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20. Why do bryophytes need to live in habitats where water is available for at least part of the year?
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They depend on water for reproduction
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21. What happens when a moss spore lands in a moist place?
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It germinates and grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called a protonema.
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22. Where are gametes formed in?
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Reproductive structures at the tips of the gametophytes.
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23. Where are sperm with whiplike tails produced in?
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Antheridia
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24. Where are egg cells produced in?
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Archegonia
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25. Once sperm are released and reach egg cells, what does fertilization produce?
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Diploid zygote.
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26. What do dried sphagnum moss do?
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Absorbs many times its own weight in water and thus acts as a sort of natural sponge.
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27. What produces peat?
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Dead remains of sphagnum.
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22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants
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1. How do bryophytes transport water?
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From cell to cell by osmosis
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2. What is vascular tissue specialized to do?
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Conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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3. Which plants were the first to have a transport system with vascular tissue?
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Bryophytes
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4. What are tracheids?
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One of the great evolutionary innovations of the plant kingdom. Key cells in xylem
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5. What is xylem?
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Transport subsystem that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant.
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6. Describe tracheids.
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Hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure. Connected end to end. Allow water to move through a plant more efficiently than by diffusion alone.
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7. What is the 2nd transport subsystem of vascular plants composed of?
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Phloem
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8. What does phloem do?
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Transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
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9. How is vascular tissue important to ferns and their relatives?
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Move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.
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10. What enables vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights?
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Combination of thick walls of xylem and lignin (substance that makes cell walls rigid)
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11. What are seedless vascular plants?
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Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns(most numerous)
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12. What are roots?
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Underground organs that absorb water and minerals
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13. Where are water-conducting tissues located in?
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Center of root
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14. What are leaves?
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Photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue.
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15. What are veins made of?
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Xylem and phloem
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16. What are stems?
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Supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them.
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17. What division do Club Mosses belong to?
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Lycophyta
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18. Where do club mosses live in?
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Moist woodlands.
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19. What division do horsetails belong to?
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Arthrophta
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20. What do horsetails look like?
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Have nonphotosynthetic, scalelike leaves that are arranged in distinctive whorls at joints along the stem.
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21. What division do ferns belong to?
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Pterophta
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22. What are rhizomes?
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Underground stems
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23. What are fronds?
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Large leaves
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24. What are the large plants we recognize as ferns really?
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Diploid sporophtes
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25. What is the dominant stage in ferns and other vascular plants?
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Diploid sporophytes
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26. What are sporangia?
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Tiny containers on the underside of fronds that produce haploid spores
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27. What are the clusters that sporangia are grouped into?
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Sori
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22-4 Seed Plants
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1. What 2 groups are seed plants divided into?
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Gymnosperms (bear seeds directly on surface of cones) and Angiosperms (flowering plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed)
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2. What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water?
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Flowers or cones (transfer of sperm by pollination and the protection of embryos in seeds)
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3. What are cones?
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Seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms
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4. What are flowers?
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Seed-bearing structures of angiosperms
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5. In seed plants, what is the entire male gametophyte contained in?
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Tiny structure called a pollen grain
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6. How does the pollen grain get to the female reproductive structure?
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Wind, insects, or small animals. Process called pollination
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7. What is a seed?
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Embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
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8. What is an embryo?
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Organism in its early developmental stage of the sporophyte plant
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9. What is a plant embryo?
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Diploid and is the early developmental stage of the sporophyte plant
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10. What is the seed coat?
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Surrounds and protects embryo and keeps contents of seed from drying out
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11. What are the most ancient surviving seed plants?
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Gymnosperms
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12. What do gymnosperms include?
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Gnetophtes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers
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13. What do the seed of gymnosperms look like?
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Not covered, "naked"
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14. What division do gnetophytes belong to?
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Gnetophyta
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15. What do gnetophytes look like?
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Only has 2 huge leathery leaves, which grow continuously and spread across the ground
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16. What division do cycads belong to?
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Cycadophyta
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17. What division do ginkgoes belong to?
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Ginkgophyta
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18. What division do conifers belong to?
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Coniferophta
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19. What adaptations do conifers have that reduce loss of water?
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Leaves are long and thin, which reduces the surface area from which water can be lost by evaporation. Also, they have thick, waxy layer that covers conifer leaves.
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22-5 Angiosperms- Flowering Plants
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1. What are the characteristic of angiosperms?
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Unique reproductive organs known as flowers
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2. What do flowers contain?
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Ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds
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3. What is fruit?
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Wall of tissue surrounding the seed
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4. How do flowering plants increase the ranges they inhabit, spreading seeds over hundreds of square kilometers?
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By using fruit to attract animals
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5. What are the 2 classes within the angiosperms?
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The Monocotyledonae, or monocots. And the Dicotyledonae, or dicots
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6. What are monocots and dicots named after?
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Number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf and dicots have two.
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7. What is a cotyledon?
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First leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.
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8. What are woody plants primarily made up of?
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Cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body.
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9. What kinds of plants do not produce wood as they grow?
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Herbaceous
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10. What are the 3 categories of plant life spans?
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Annual, biennial, and perennial
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11. What are annuals?
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Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season
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12. What are biennials?
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Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in 2 years
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13. What are perennials?
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Flowering plants that live for more than 2 years
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23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
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1. What are the 3 principal organs of seed plants?
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Roots, stems, and leaves
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2. What do roots do?
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Anchor plants in the ground, holding soil in place and preventing erosion
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3. What does a stem have?
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Support system for the plant body, a transport system that carries nutrients, and a defense system that protects the plant against predators and disease.
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4. What do leaves do?
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Plant's main photosynthetic system. Broad, flat surfaces help increase amount of sunlight plants absorb.
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5. What 3 main tissue systems do plants consist of?
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Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue
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6. What is dermal tissue?
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Outmost layer of cells. "Skin of plant"
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7. What is vascular tissue?
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"Plant's bloodstream" Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
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8. What is ground tissue?
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Everything else
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9. What does the dermal tissue typically consist of?
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Epidermal cells
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10. What are the outer surfaces of leaves often covered with to protect against water loss and injury?
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Thick waxy layer
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11. What is the thick waxy coating of the epidermal cells known as?
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Cuticle
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12. What are trichomes?
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Tiny projections that help protect the leaf and give it a fuzzy appearance.
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13. What are the principal subsystems in vascular tissue?
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Xylem, a water conducting tissue, and phloem, a food conducting tissue.
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14. What does xylem consist of?
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Tracheids and vessel elements
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15. What does phloem consist of?
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Sieve tube elements and companion cells
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16. What are the xylem cells in angiosperms called?
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Vessel element
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17. What are the main phloem cells?
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Sieve tube elements
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18. What are companion cells?
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Phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements
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19. What do companion cells keep through their lifetime?
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Keep their nuclei and organelles
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20. What do companion cells do?
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Support phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances in and out of the phloem
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21. What does ground tissue consist mainly of in most plants?
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Parenchyma (cells have thin cell walls and large central vacuoles surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm)
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22. What are chollenchyma cells?
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Have strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants.
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23. What are sclerenchyma cells?
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Have extremely thick, rigid cell walls that make ground tissue tough and strong
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24. What does indeterminate growth mean?
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Plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live. Cells produced in meristems
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25. What are meristems?
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Clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime.
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26. What is meristematic tissue?
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Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth
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27. What is near the end, or tip, of each growing stem and root?
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An apical meristem- group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots.
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28. How does meristematic tissue differ from other plant tissue?
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Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis.
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29. What is differentiation?
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Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.
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23-2 Roots
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1. What are the 2 main types of roots and what are they mainly found in?
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Taproots (found mainly in dicots) and fibrous roots (found mainly in monocots).
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2. What is a taproot?
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Primary root found in some plants that grow longer and thicker than other roots.
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3. What is a fibrous root?
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Part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest.
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4. What does the extensive fibrous root systems produced by many plants help prevent?
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Topsoil from being washed away by heavy rain.
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5. What are the main tissues in a mature root?
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Outside layer (epidermis) and a central cylinder of vascular tissue. Between the 2 tissues lies a large are of ground tissue.
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6. What are root hairs?
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Tiny projections from the outer surface, or epidermis, of a root.
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7. What is the cortex?
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Spongy layer of ground tissue just inside the epidermis of a root.
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8. What is the endodermis?
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Layer of cells that completely encloses vascular tissue.
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9. What is the vascular cylinder?
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Central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue- xylem & phloem.
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10. What is a root cap?
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Tough structure that protects a root as it forces its way through the soil.
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11. What are the different functions of a root?
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Anchor plant in the ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil.
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12. What is a Casparian strip?
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Waterproof strip that surrounds plant endodermis cells.
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23-3 Stems
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1. What are the three main functions of stems?
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They produce leaves, branches, and flowers; they hold leaves up to the sunlight; and they transport substances between roots and leaves.
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2. What is a node?
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Point on a stem where a leaf is attached.
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3. What is the internode region?
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Region between nodes on plant stems.
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4. What is a bud?
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Plant structure containing undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves.
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5. How do monoct and dicot stems differ?
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In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. In dicots and most gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder.
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6. What is a vascular bundle?
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Plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue.
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7. What is the pith?
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Parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue in dicot stems.
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8. What is primary growth? What is it produced by and where does it take place?
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Type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots. Produced by cell divisions in the apical meristem. Takes place in all seed place.
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9. What is secondary growth?
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Pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width.
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10. Where does secondary growth take place in conifers and dicots?
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In lateral meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium and cork cambium.
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11. What is vascular cambium?
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Type of lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems over time.
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12. What is cork cambium?
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Produces the outer covering of stems.
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13. What is heartwood?
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Older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water.
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14. What is sapwood?
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Area in plants that surrounds heartwood and is active in fluid transport.
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15. What is bark?
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Tree structure that includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including phloem, the cork cambium, and cork.
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23-4 Leaves
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1. How does the structure of a leaf enable it to carry out photosynthesis?
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Optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis.
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2. What are blades?
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Thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight.
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3. What is the petiole?
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Thin stalk by which a leaf blade is attached to a stem.
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4. What is mesophyll?
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Specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis.
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5. What is the palisade mesophyll?
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Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf.
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6. What is spongy mesophyll?
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Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer with many air spaces between its cells.
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7. What are stomata?
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Porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf.
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8. What does each stoma consist of?
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Two guard cells (specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.
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9. What is transpiration?
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Loss of water through its leaves.
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10. How do plants allow photosynthesis to take place without losing an excessive amount of water?
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Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow it to happen. Regulate opening and closing of stomata.
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23-5 Transport in Plants
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1. How is water transported throughout a plant?
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Combination of root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provides enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant.
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2. What is adhesion?
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Attraction between unlike molecules.
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3. What is capillary action?
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Tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.
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4. What is the pressure-flow hypothesis?
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Hypothesis that considers plants in terms of where they produce and use materials from photosynthesis.
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5. How are the products of photosynthesis transported throughout a plant?
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When nutrients are pumped into or removed from the phloem system, the change in concentration causes a movement of fluid in the same direction. As a result, phloem is able to move nutrients in either direction to meet the nutritional needs of the plant.
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24-1 Reproduction with Cones and Flowers
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1. What are pollen cones?
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Cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains.
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2. What are seed cones?
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Cone that produces female gametophytes
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3. What are ovules?
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Structure in seed cones in which female gametophytes develop.
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4. What is a pollen tube?
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Structure grown by a pollen grain; contains 2 haploid sperm nuclei.
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5. What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms?
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Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of 4 kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
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6. What are sepals?
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Outermost circle of flower parts that encloses a bud before it opens and protects the flower while it is developing.
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7. What are petals?
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Brightly colored structure just inside the sepals; attracts insects and other pollinators to a flower.
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8. What is the stamen?
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Male part of the flower; made up of an anther and a filament.
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9. What is the filament?
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Long, thin stalk that supports an anther
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10. What is an anther?
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An oval sac where meiosis takes place, producing haploid male gametophytes- pollen grains.
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11. What are carpels?
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Innermost part of a flower that produces the female gametophytes.
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12. What is the ovary?
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Flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produced.
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13. What is the style?
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Narrow stalk of the carpel in a flower.
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14. What is the stigma?
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Sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land.
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15. What is reproduction in angiosperms like?
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Takes place within the flower. Following pollination and fertilization, the seeds develop inside protective structures.
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16. What is the embryo sac?
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Female gametophyte within the ovule of a flowering plant
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17. How does pollination differ between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
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Most gymnosperms and some angiosperms are wind pollinated, whereas most angiosperms are pollinated by animals.
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18. What is an endosperm?
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Food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows.
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19. What is double fertilization?
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Fertilization in angiosperms, in which two distinct fertilization events take place between the male and female gametophytes.
