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Napoleon Bonaparte

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born in 1769 on Mediterranean island of Corsica; at nine he was sent to military school; in 1785 at 16 finished school and became a lieutenant in artillery

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Hero of the Hour

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October 1795; Napoleon defended the delegates against the royalist rebels; Napoleon defeated them and became the new savior of the French republic

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In 1796, the Directory appointed Napoleon to lead the French army against

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Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia; while doing this he crossed the Alps and won many victories in Italy (Hero of the Hour)

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Napoleon went to Egypt to protect French trade interest by

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cutting off the British trade with India; but he was unable to succeed; his army was pinned down by Horatio Nelson (British leader and his naval forces)

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Coup d'État

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in 1799, the Directory lost control of the political situation and the confidence of French people; so when Napoleon came back he seize the political power; his troops surrounded the national legislature and drove out most of the members and the remaining got rid of the Directory

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Since the Directory was removed, three consuls took its place

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the first and all powerful consult was Napoleon (France is still at war with British, Austria, and Russia..1799)

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In 1802, Napoleon got all three countries to

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sign a peace treaty and there was peace for at least 10 years

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Coup d'Etat means

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a sudden seizure of political power in a nation

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Plebiscite

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a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

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Napoleon made sure that he got the people to vote him as their dictator by using the

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plebiscite

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In order for Napoleon to strengthen France, he had to set up efficient methods like

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tax collections and a national banking system; he got rid of corrupt officials and hired trained officials, set up government run public schools (only for males/lycées); he restored the church where the government recognized the church, but the church had no say in government (concordat); he also set up uniform laws and eliminated many injustices

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Lycées means

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a government run public school in France

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Concordat means

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a formal agreement; especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs

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Napoleonic Code

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a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

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Napoleon crowned himself as Emperor in 1804 by which

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the French voters supported him, and in 1804 dressed in purple velvet he took the crown from the pope hands and placed it on himself stating that he was all powerful

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Napoleon wanted to rule Europe and the Americas because

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in Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, and the French West Indies were popular for sugar producing which would increase the sell of rum

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In 1789, the revolution ideas reach the planters in Saint Domingue and they want the same privileges as the people in France, but

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Napoleon would't give the enslaved African Americans their rights and freedom so a civil war broke out. The enslaved were under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture and they were able to defeat Napoleon because his men were ill from disease.

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Napoleon failed at Saint Domingue and decided to sell Louisiana to the US for 15 million in 1803 because

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he first saw two benefits; he would gain money to finance operations in Europe and he would punish British

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Napoleon has annexed Austria, Netherlands, and parts of Italy to France and

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set up a puppet government in Switzerland; he now wants to expand his influence more because of the fear of British Russia Asutria and Sweden to attack on France

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After the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805,

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Napoleon issued a proclamation expressing his pride in his troops

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Battle of Trafalgar mean

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an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson

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Napoleon lost one major battle because he was at sea and the British naval leader captured many of his ships and this destruction

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led to two major results; first it made sure that the British navy was in supremacy for the next 100 years; second it forced Napoleon to give up on invading Britain

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In 1812, only areas in Europe that was free from Napoleon were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire but

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Napoleon also controlled many independent countries of Spain, the grand Duchy of Warsaw and a number of German kingdoms; Russia, Prussia, and Austria were loosely alliances now

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Blockade means

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the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or Region

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Napoleon own personality

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was the danger to his empire; he made three costly mistakes trying to extend the French Empire

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The first mistake was when he set up a

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blockade to stop all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations; this was called the Continental System

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He blockade wasn't strong enough and failed due to

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smugglers bring cargo from Britain into Europe; Napoleon's family members and allies disregard the blockade

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The blockade didn't destroy Britain only weakened it a little, but this called Britain to make its own blockade and it was

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successful because their navy was stronger than the French

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The British enforced the blockade by stopping neutral ships bound for the content and forced them to sail to a British port to be searched and tax but the American ships were among them and this outraged the americans causing

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the Congress of US to declare war on Britain in 1812; this war lasted for two years; it was minor to them unlike the struggle with Napoleon

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Continental System means

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Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy

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Napoleon's second costly mistake was in 1808; The Peninsular War

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He tried to make Portugal accept the Continental System, so he sent an invasion force through Spain and put his brother, Joseph, on the throne; the Spanish people were outraged and were in fear that they would lose their Catholic church

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For six year, the Spanish peasants attacked the French army in guerrillas style and

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the British decided to help Spain by sending troops so that Napoleon would lose the battle (like Spain; Germans and Italians and other conquered people turned against France)

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Guerrillas mean

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a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country

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Peninsular War means

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a conflict, lasting from 1808-1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain

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Napoleon's last costly mistake was The Invasion of Russia

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Alexander I and Napoleon were allies until the Russians refused to stop selling grain to Britain and the French and Russians rulers suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland; this led to a breakdown in their alliance and Napoleon decided to attack

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Napoleon attacked in June 1812 with his Grand Army of 420,000 solider as they marched into Russia;

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Alexander I refused to fight back and did a scorched earth policy to burn all the grain fields and kill all lie stock so that Napoleon and his soldiers could not eat when they made it

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This led to the Battle of Borodino (September 7, 1812); after hours of fighting Russia fell back and let Napoleon go to Moscow (holy city)

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When he got there, the city was in flames, but Napoleon stayed there until the middle of October and then decided to head back to France; heading back was harsh because snow and the temperature was dropping and the Russian raiders attacked Napoleon's ragged retreating army; most of the army died from hunger, freezing to death and wounds; by December there was only 10,000 soldiers left and they had left Russia

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Scorched Earth Policy means

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the practice of burring crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

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Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden joined forces against Napoleon and

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now all main powers of Europe were at war with France

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Napoleon managed to raise another army but

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the troops were untrained and ill prepared for the battle

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Napoleon faced allied armies of European powers outside of German city of Leipzig in October 1813;

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the forces easily defeated his inexperienced army and French resistance weaken quickly

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January 1814, the allied armies were headed straight toward Paris; two months later King Frederick William (Prussia) and King Czar Alexander (Russia) had

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their troops to parade through France's capital; Napoleon tried to fight on but his general refused and in April 1814, Napoleon gave up his throne and they exiled him to Elba

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After Napoleon got exiled, Louis XVI's brother took the throne, but he was unlikes by many and they suspected him to undo the Revolution's land reforms;

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Napoleon heard of the bad news and planned to regain power, so he escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815; the crown welcomed him in warming arms and thousands volunteers joined his army and within days Napoleon was emperor again

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The European countries quickly reassembled their armies and they prepared for the battle near Waterloo in Belgium

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Napoleon attacked on June 18, 1815 and the British defended all day; Prussian army arrived later on and together they attacked the French; two days later Napoleon troops gave out and the British and Prussia caused them to leave from the field

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This defeated ended Napoleon power and was called the Hundred Days; and now

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taking no chances the British shipped Napoleon to St. Helena (Haiti) where he lived for six years and then died in 1821

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Hundred Days mean

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the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France

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Congress of Vienna mean

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a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon

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The five "Great Powers" were Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France and they made decision in Vienna 1814-1815;

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Klemens von Metternich (Austria leader) didn't like the democratic ideas of the French Revolution; he felt that Napoleon's behavior had become an outcome of experience with democracy

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Metternich had three goals at the Congress of Vienna

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first he wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries; second he wanted to restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others; third he wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones

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Balance of power means

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a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

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The Containment of France was

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when the congress took following steps to make weak counties around France stonger like; The former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to from the Kingdom of the Netherlands; A group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created German Confederation dominated by Austria; Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation; The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthen by the addition of Genoa

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Balance of Power was when

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the leaders talked about the division of France but they didn't do it so the French wouldn't want revenge

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Legitimacy made

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the rulers who were in the throne before Napoleon be restored to power; the leaders of the Congress of Vienna believed the former monarchs would stabilize political relations among the nations

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The Congress of Vienna was a political success in many ways;

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first, the nations of an entire continent had cooperated to control political affairs; settlements they agreed upon were fair enough so that no country was left bearing a grudge; this was more successful than any other peace meetings in history

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By agreeing to come to one another's aid in case of threats to peace

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the European nations had ensured a temporarily balance of power and there was peace for nearly 40 years

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Legitimacy means

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the hereditary right of a monarch to rule

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The Conservative Europe was about how the leaders were nervous about the legacy of the French Revolution and worried that the ideals liberty, equality, and fraternity might encourage revolutions elsewhere

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Czar and Frederick signed the Holy Alliance where the pledged to base their relations with other nations on Christian principles to combat the forces of revolutions; Series of alliances devised by Metternich called the Concert of Europe ensured that the nations would help one another in any revolutions broke out

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The Conservatives held firm control of government but couldn't contain ideas that came from French revolution

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after 1815 France became deeply political divided; Conservatives were happy with monarchy of Louis XVII and were determined to make it last; Liberals wanted the king to share more power with legislature and the lower classes remained committed to the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity

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Congress of Vienna tried to undo the French Revolution but couldn't because

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it gave Europe the first experiment in democratic government even though it failed; but it set new political ideas in motion

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Holly Alliance means

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a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

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Concert of Europe means

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a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

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Revolution in Latin America was about how Napoleon deposed the king of Spain during the Peninsular wars and the Creoles seized control of many colonies in Americas, but

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the Congress of Vienna restored the king to the Spanish throne and the royalist peninsulares tried to control the colonial governments; the Creoles tried to retain and expand their power, but the Spanish king tighten control over the American colonies; this angered the Mexican who revolted and successfully threw off Spain's control

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Long Term Legacy was about how the Congress of Vienna legacy would influence the political world for the next 100 years;

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and Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece and to other areas that the Congress had put under foreign control

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What was the Congress of Vienna?

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a series of meetings to set up a policies to establish security and stability in Europe after Napoleon's defeat

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The powerful forge in minister of Austria during the meetings of the five great power of Europe was

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Klemens von Metternich

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The idea of keeping the countries of Europe relatively equal in terms of strength was called the

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Balance of Powers

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The country that dominated the German Confederation was

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Austria

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The idea that the rulers of Europe whom napoleon had driven from power should be restored to their thrones was based on the principles of

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Legitimacy

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After the Congress of Vienna, Britain and France had _____________________ as a form of government

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Constitutional Monarchies

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The agreement between Czar Alexander, Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia to base their government on Christian principles was called

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the Holly Alliance

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The ___________________ was a series of European alliances that assured that countries would help each other if any revolution occurred

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Concert of Europe

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One indirect effect of the Congress of Vienna was revolution and eventual independence from Spain in

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Mexico

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Another effect of the Congress of Vienna was to encourage feigns of ______________________ that would ultimately lead to revolution in some countries

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nationalism

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