Microorganisms & Microbiology – Flashcards
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| the study of microorganisms (usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye) and their activities |
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| Microbiology |
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| Study of various taxonomic groups |
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| Scope |
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| 5 Kingdoms |
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| Bacteria: Bacteriology (includes eubacteria & archaebacteria) Viruses*: Virology Also Viroids and Prions* * acellular and usually discussed together Algae: Phycology Protozoa: Protozoology Fungi: Mycology Molds and Yeasts |
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| Form, structure, reproduction, biochemistry, identification, distribution and role in nature, relationships to each other and other living things, including both which 2 kinds of factors? ... (& use tools for production of products) |
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| 1- beneficial & 2- detrimental (genetic enineering) |
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| Practical Aspects of Microbiology: |
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| Practical aspects recognized from the beginning and now identified by the various practical subdisciplines within microbiology. |
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| one of earliest: applied emphasis |
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| Medical Microbiology |
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| host-parasite interactions |
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| pathogenic microbiology |
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| infectious diseases of animals |
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| Veterinary microbiology |
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| study of causes and transmission of diseases through population(s) (CDC most important) |
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| Epidemiology |
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| host resistance to disease: also subdiscipline |
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| Immunology |
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| viruses as agents of disease |
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| Virology |
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| major causes of death over 100 years ago Top 3 caused by? |
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| Infectious disease; microbes |
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| _______ causes predominate |
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| non microbial; Top 7 nonmicrobial |
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| Still, ______ can be a threat to survival even in developed countries. In developing countries, ______ diseases still are a major cause |
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| microbes; microbial |
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| 1918-1919: more Americans died than were killed in WWI, WWII, Korean, and Vietnam Wars (Spanish Flu). |
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| Influenza |
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| one of greatest killers. 10 million people killed in history. Brought to New World by Spanish. Aztecs susceptible. Vaccination: No new cases since 1977. |
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| Small pox |
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| 1/3 pop. of Europe (25 mil) died during one epidemic (1346-50). Antibiotics have now controlled. Lines on ships to dock? |
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| Black plague |
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| Pieter Brueghel the Elder |
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| The Triumph of Death; Flemish painter |
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| Newly Emerging Diseases- Additional Threat |
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| Legionnaires’ Disease Lyme Disease AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: film on this later Mad Cow Disease: prions Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Bird Flu, Swine Flu, H1NI, e. t. c. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Few of the above are really new, but an increased incidence & wider distribution (globalization) have brought them to our attention. |
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| Old definition: study of fermentation processes (alcohol and production of beer and wine) New definition: conversion of raw materials into desirable end products by selected microorganisms (large scale) & includes: Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites |
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| Primary metabolites vs Secondary metabolites |
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| Primary metabolites: production of products necessary for microbial growth like amino acids, organic acids, alcohol, certain enzymes, etc Secondary metabolites: production of products by the microorganisms not necessary for its growth; like antibiotics, steroids, ethanol,etc |
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| Products now made using the new genetic engineering techniques to produce products cheaply. |
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| Ex. Human Insulin Led to new subdiscipline: Biotechnology |
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| prevention of food spoilage: ex: cold temperatures, canning, freeze drying, heat (pasteurization), preservatives, radiation, etc. Prevention of food borne disease from microbes Not all harmful, as some dairy products depend on microbial transformations. |
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| food & dairy microbiology |
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| Examples: nitrogen fixing legumes (bacteria in root nodules convert N2 to NH3 that plants use for growth); bacteria in rumen of cows digest cellulose; microbial diseases of crops and animals (mad cow disease); use of biological pesticides, mycotoxins (peanut butter), etc |
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| Agricultural/Soil Microbiology |
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| water and waste, water treatment, solid organic wastes |
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| Sanitary Microbiology |
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| Microbial activities in water (overlap with Sanitary) |
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| Aquatic Microbiology |
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| Basic studies of microorganisms led to advances in knowledge that had major impact on our lives Early impact on medicine, food & beverages, industrial products But, the most important impact was the use of microorganisms as _____ ______ which led to increased knowledge about cells including: Genetics, metabolism: i.e. provided the model to develop an understanding of life processes, not only in microbes, but also in plants, animals and humans. This knowledge impacted our ability to control infectious diseases and through basic studies on how genes control cells, scientists could also begin to understand how genetic diseases or “inborn errors of metabolism” occurred. |
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| Early impact on medicine, food & beverages, industrial products. MODEL SYSTEMS |
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| Basic Science Subdisciplines Basic Emphasis: |
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| Microbial Systematics Microbial Ecology: Microbial Physiology Cytology Bacterial Genetics Molecular Biology Biotechnology |
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| advances in this field gave rise to the era of molecular biology and biotechnology |
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| Bacterial genetics |
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| today microbial sciences have evolved into : |
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| molecular microbiology ---> biotechnology, genomics, proteomics. |
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| Focus of Microbiology Revolves Around Two Broad Themes |
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| Understanding Basic Life Processes All cells have much in common: microbes good simple model to study Applying Our Knowledge About Microorganisms for the Benefit of humankind Solving practical problems in medicine, agriculture, and industry Good example of this follows: 30 years ago |
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| 1000’s of buyers rushed to purchase stock in a new, obscure company that decided to go public. Price/share increased 150% in a matter of minutes Not an oil company locating a new reserve Only 140 employees No track record Highly Speculative Why were so many people excited about this company? |
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| 1980: Wall Street Genentech, Inc Genetic engineering technology |
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| Genetech Inc. definition: |
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| Apply gene technology or recombinant DNA technology to development of products: By transferring defined genes into rapidly growing microorganisms, it is now possible to synthesize in an in vivo system thousands of products useful to humanity Ex: Vaccines - recombivax HB, human insulin, antiviral agents - interferon, hormones - HGH (human growth hormone) - Somatostatin |
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| the use of living organisms to degrade pollutants in the environment Examples? |
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| Bioremediation the use of living organisms to degrade pollutants in the environment Bacteria being used to degrade oil in oil spills Bacteria used to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls and trichloroethylene used in dry cleaning. |
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| Microorganisms As Cells |
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| Cell is fundamental unit of life |
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| Invariant vs Variant structures |
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| Invariant structures (all cells have this): cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, RNA Variant structures: cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast, e. t. c. |
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| Characteristics of microbial cellular life: 1.3 Properties of All Cells: |
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| Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the cell. Reproduction: also, regeneration: repair and replacement Evolution: Characteristics of cells change over time: Evolve (natural selection acting on variations caused by mutation) |
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| Characteristics of Some Cells |
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| Differentiation: confusing; also used to describe how cell divisions in multi-cellular lead to specialization of function Communication: cells respond to chemical signals Movement: not all do so |
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| defines compartment that makes up the Cell (invariant structure): not closed system; semipermeable |
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| Cell membrane |
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| Cells can be viewed in two ways: |
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| Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) & Coding devices (Genetic Functions) |
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| Differentiate between Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) & Coding devices (Genetic Functions) |
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| Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) that carry out chemical transformations within the confines of a cellular structure using biological catalysts, enzymes Coding devices (Genetic Functions), analogous to computers, which store and process genetic information (DNA) that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction. |
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| Origin of cellular life; Cyanobacteria |
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| Origin of cellular life 3.8 bya Cyanobacteria Began oxygenation around 3 bya |
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| nucleated cells: include both microbial and multicellular |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| 80% of Earth’s History was exclusively _______ What does LUCA stand for: |
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| microbial LUCA: Last Universal Common Ancestor |
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| 1684 Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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| 1st observation of bacteria |
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| 1798 Jenner |
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| introduces small pox vaccination (human cow pox pustules) |
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| 1864 Pasteur |
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| resolves the problem of spontaneous generation |
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| 1881 Koch |
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| grows pure culture of anthrax microorganism |
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| Three Things Needed for Microbiology to Develop as a Science |
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| Microscopy (1): not simple microscopes like that of Hooke &Van Leeuwenhoek: needed compound II. Laboratory Cultivation Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques(2) Pasteur’s work disproving spontaneous generation Pure Culture Methods (3) Koch’s work on cause of infectious disease |
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| Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope |
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| a. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope b. Drawings of bacteria c. Human blood smear with rbcs. Reported findings in Letters to Royal Society of London in 1684. |
