Microbiology W/ Diseases Bauman 3rd edition – Flashcards
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| genome |
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| the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
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| bacterial vs eukaryotic genome |
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| Eukaryotic- diploid, has nucleus, multiple chromosomes, linear and sequestered membrane bound nucleus, DNA associated with histone proteins. prokaryotic- single circular chromosome, no membrane bound nucleus, plasmids in cytoplasm, |
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| prokaryotic vs eukaryotic chromosom + clinical application |
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| prokaryotic- 70s ribosome (from 50s and 30s subunits) Eukaryotic- 80s ribosome (from 60s and 40s subunit) antibiotics will target prokaryotic ribosomes due to them being different sizes. allows for eukaryotic cells to remain undamaged from treatment. |
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| what is a plasmid, groups of organisms with plasmids |
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| a plasmid is a small DNA loop independent of the chromosome that is not essential for metabolism or growth. found mostly in bacteria, but sometimes in archaeans |
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| plasmid type, (f) factor (f+, f-) |
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| fertility factor allows for conjugation F+ is a cell with f factor, f- is recipient |
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| plasmid type, R factor |
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| resistance factor codes for resistance to antibiotics, ex plasmid that allows a bacteria to survive contact with penicillin |
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| plasmid type, virulence factor |
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| any plasmid making a cell more pathogenic exe. plasmid for fimbrae, toxins, or capsules |
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| plasmid type, Bacterial factor |
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| plasmid that a codes for production of an endotoxin (kills surrounding cells) |
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| plasmid type, cryptic plasmids |
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| any plasmid with an unknown function |
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| mutagen, Ionizing radiation |
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| induces breaks in chromosomes, production of free radicals from x-rays and gamma-rays |
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| mutagen, non-ionizing raditaion |
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| causes pyrimidime dimers (usually thymine dimers) in which the hydrogen bond between nucleotides is destroyed and side by side nucleotides bond causing bulge in DNA from uv light |
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| mutagen, chemicle, nucletide analogs |
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| disrupts DNA and RNA replication and causes base-pair substitution. (missense, nonsense, and silent mutations) |
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| mutation type, missense |
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| 1-3 nucleotides in a codon have been changed to a codon for a different protein but is not a stop codon exe codon aag changed to acg |
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| mutation type, nonsense |
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| nucleotides in codon have been changes from protein synthesis into a stop codon |
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| mutation type, silent |
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| nucleotide in codon changed but still codes for the same protein |
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| mutagen, chemical, what is an analog? |
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| a fake nucleotide with different atoms than the normal nucleotide which causes a different base pair during dan replication |
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| mutagen, chemical, nucleotide altering chemical |
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| results in base pair substitution, changes nucleotide. i.e. c changed to t exe of a Nac, aflotoxins |
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| mutagen, chemical, frameshift mutation |
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| chemical has inserted an extra nucleotide or removed a nucleotide in the DNA chain. causes all nucleotides to be shifted down and codons are different. results in nonsense, missence, or silent mutations in each codon. |
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| vertical gene transfer vs horizontal gene transfer |
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| vertical-organisms replicate their genome and provide copies to descendants horizontal- donor cell contributes part or all of its genome to recipient cell (is not always direct) |
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| antisepsis |
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| reduction in # of viruses and microorganisms, particularly pathogens, on living tissue |
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| asceptic |
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| refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants |
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| sufixes -cide -cidal |
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| suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe |
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| degerming |
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| removal of microbes by mechanical means |
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| disinfection |
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| destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue |
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| pasteuriztion |
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| the heating and reheating of foods/beverages in order to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms |
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| sanitation |
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| removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards |
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| sufixes -stasis -static |
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| sufixes indicating inhibition, nut not complete destruction of a type of microbe |
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| sterilization |
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| destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object |
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| criteria for an ideal microbial agent |
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| inexpensive, fast acting, stable for storage, capable of controlling growth and is harmless to humans/animals, |
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| factors affecting efficacy of microbial agents |
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| site to be treated- harsh/extreme chemicals can't be used on everything, internal vs external environment- more effecting when warmer, whether biofilms/ organic material present susceptibility of m/o- required strength for germicide (separate card) concentration- higher= more potent (exception, 70% alcohol) exposure time- short period= disinfectant (spray/wipe) long period = sterilization (10 hours) |
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| factors affecting efficacy of microbial agents, germicide strengths |
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| High- kills all pathogens including endospores Intermediate- kills fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria Low- kills vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoans, some viruses (only enveloped viruses) |
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| microbial control, physical, heat |
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| denatures protein, interferes with cell integrity |
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| microbial control, physical, moist heat |
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| disinfects, sanitizes, and sterilizes denatures protein and destroys membrane more effective than dry heat |
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| microbial control, physical, moist heat examples |
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| boiling- only disinfection endospores/cysts survive autoclaving- pressurized water boiling, 15 min sterilization pasteurization- for milk/juice, does not sterilize ultra-high-temp sterilization- 140 degree celsius for 1 second, then rapid cooling |
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| microbial control, physical, dry heat |
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| for materials that can't be autoclaved, requires higher temps for a longer time incineration is the ultimate sterilizer |
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| microbial control, physical, refrigeration |
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| does not kill decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction halts growth of mesophiles (listeria and Yersinia can live in a fridge) slow freezing is more effective than quick freezing |
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| microbial control, physical, desiccation and |
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| drying inhibits growth due to h2O loss drying causes sugar content to raise causing hypertonic environment where bacteria can't live |
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| microbial control, physical, osmotic pressure |
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| Hypertonic solutions inhibit growth (high sugar/salt content) but fungi have a higher ability to live in hypertonic environment and thus can still grow |
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| microbial control, physical, radiation, ionizing |
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| wavelengths are shorter than 1 nm creates free radicals and ions electron beams-effective on surfaces but can't penetrate gamma rays- penetrate well, but require hours to kill |
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| microbial control, physical, radiation, non-ionizing |
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| wavelengths are longer than 1 nm can sterilize over a long time period poor penetrative ability i.e. can't go through glass creates thymine dimers has trouble with endospores |
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| microbial control, chemical |
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| effects vary with temperature, length of exposer, amount of organic matter present, PH of environment, concentration, and age of the chemical |
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| microbial control, chemical, Phenol and phenolics (chem. altered phenol) |
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| intermediate to low disinfectant denatures protein and disrupts cell membranes has disagreeable odor/ side effects |
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| microbial control, chemical, alchohols |
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| denatures protein/ disrupts cell membranes intermediate disinfectant 70% concentration is most effective usually in a tincture mostly mechanic |
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| microbial control, chemical, halogens |
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| Group 7a elements (bromine, iodine, chlorine etc.) intermediate level disinfectant used to treat drinking water |
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| microbial control, chemical, oxidizing agents |
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| causes loss of electrons in enzymes (denatures protein) high-level disinfectants ozone is best thing to treat drinking water per acetic acid is an effective sporacide |
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| microbial control, chemical,surfactants |
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| (soap and detergents) decrease surface tension of water allows water to mix with oil/ allow oil to be removed Quats- harmless to humans, antimicrobial, low level disinfectant. |
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| microbial control, chemical,heavy metals |
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| denatures protein with metal ions 1 % silver nitrate used to prevent infant blindness from gonorrhea thimerosal preserves vaccines copper is anti fungal/antialgal |
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| microbial control, chemical,aldehydes |
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| high level gluteraldehyde disinfects and sterilizes formaldehyde + h20 used as embalming fluid |
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| microbial control, chemical, gaseous agents |
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| microbial/sporicidal gasses used in closed chambers to sterilize exe ethylene oxide denatures protein DNA |
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| dif of antibiotics, synthetics, and semi synthetics |
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| antibiotic- produced naturally by a m/o semisynthetic- an antibiotic that has been altered synthetic- man made antibiotics |
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| selective toxicity |
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| ability of a drug to target one type of cell but not another ie targeting bacteria instead of the eukaryotic cells it is attached to |
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| methods of antimicrobial action |
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| the key is selective toxicity targets mostly bacteria, a lesser amount of fungi, and an even smaller amount of viruses |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, targets |
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| cell walls w/ peptidoglycan, ribosomes that make protein cell membranes metabolic pathways DNA/RNA polymerases, Pathogenic attachment site |
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| paul Ehrlich |
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| made "magic bullets" an arsenic compound that kills microbes |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| discovered penicillin released from penicillium (1928) |
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| Gerhard Domagk |
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| discovered sulfanilamide (1932) |
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| Selman Waksman |
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| discovered Antibiotics- antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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| Most common agents prevent cell wall cross linkage of NAM subunits only works on actively growing bact. no effect on existing peptidoglycan no effect on animals |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, antibiotic list |
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| beta lactam drugs and semisynthetic beta lactams derivatives vancomycin and cycloserine Bacitracin Isoniazid |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, beta lactam |
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| most commonly used weakens cell walls leading cell to eventually lyse active part of molecule is called betalactam ring exe: penicillins, cephalosporin, monobactum |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, semisynthetic derivatives of beta lactams |
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| more stable in an acidic environment more easily absorbed less susceptible to deactivation active against more bacteria types GRAM + ONLY |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, simplest beta lactam |
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| effect only against aerobic gram - bact. exe monobactum |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, vancomycin and cycloserin |
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| interfere with bridges linking NAM subunits in many gram + rarely prescribed (last resort meds, only for drug resistant bact.) |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, bacitracin |
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| (topical use only, toxic if internally used) blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm (cross bridges in cell wall peptidoglycan) |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, Isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol |
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| interferes with my colic acid formation in mycobacterium targets acid fast bact. |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis +list |
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| targets prokaryotic ribosomes (70s vs our 80s) but can still be harmful selectively target translation Streptomycin and gentamicin tetracyclin chlorumphenicol oxazolindinone erythromycin |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, Streptomycin and gentamicin |
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| changes ribosomal subunit shape, causing mRNA to be misread |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, tetracyclin |
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| block docking sites of tRNA on ribosome |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, enthromycin |
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| blocks proper mRNA movement through ribosome, causing synthesis to stop |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of protein synthesis, oxazolindinone |
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| used as a last resort drug against MRSA |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane + list |
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| some form channel through cytoplasmic membrane, compromising integrity Amphotericin B and nystatin Azoles and Allylamines polymyxin |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Amphotericin B and nystatin |
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| attach to ergosterols (similar to cholesterol) in fungal membranes humans are somewhat susceptible bacteria not susceptible (no sterols) ON TEST punches hole through ergosterol in membrane nystatin is toxic, topical use only |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Azoles and Allylamines |
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| inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, disruption of cell membrane, Polumyxin |
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| disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram - bact toxi, topical only |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways |
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| effective when metabolic processes of host and pathogen differ blocks virus activation similar to activator molecule in DNA synthesis (enters enzyme and deactivates it) (heavy metals) humans unaffected targets m/o's that produce folic acid (we eat it) |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, list |
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| antimetabolic antagonists quinolones trimethoprim |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways,anti metabolic antagonists |
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| effective when metabolic processes of host is different (we eat folic acid, they produce it) |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, quinolones |
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| interferes with metabolism of malaria parasites |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of metabolic pathways, Trimethoprim |
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| targets second step of PABA pathway. binds to enzyme involved in conversion of dihydrofolic acid to THF |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis list |
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| nucleotide/nucleoside Analogs Acyclovir Azidothymidine (AZT) Quinolones and fluoroquinolones riflampin all are inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis,nucleotide/nucleoside analogs |
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| Most effective against viruses/ cancer cells because they replicate too fast to check for analogs, allowing them to enter without being fixed |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, acyclovir (ACV) |
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| a Guanosine analog targets herpes |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, Azidothymidine (AZT) |
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| a thymidine analog the first drug to target AIDS |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, quinolines and fluoroquinolones |
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| act against prokaryotic DNA gyrase targets both gram + and gram - bact. |
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| methods of antimicrobial action, inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis, riflampin |
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| target RNA polymerase effective on gram + most effective on acid fast bact. (mycobacterium) this is because acid-fast bact. replicate slowly allowing drug time to enter and work |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, criteria for ideal antimicrobial agent to treat infection/disease |
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| readily available inexpensice chemically stable easily administered nontoxic and non allergenic selectively toxic against wide range of bact. (only targets bact. and nothing else) |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, narrow spectrum vs broad spectrum(with disadvantages) |
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| narrow- effective against select few pathogens broad-effective against many, may allow secondary infection/superinfection, killing normal flora reduces microbial antagonism (flora preventing pathogens from infecting) |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, isoniazid |
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| Prokaryotes mycobacteria, some gram- bact. |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, polymyxin |
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| Prokaryotes Gram- bacteria |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, penicillin |
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| Prokaryotes some Gram-, gram + bacterial |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, streptomycin |
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| Prokaryotes mycobacteria, som gram- |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, erythromycin |
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| Prokaryotes gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, tetracycline |
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| Prokaryotes gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, sulfonamides |
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| Prokaryotes some gram-, gram+, chlamydias and rickettsias, Eukaryotes some protozoa |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, azoles |
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| Eukaryotes protozoa, fungi, some helminths |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, niclosamide |
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| Eukaryotes helminths |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, praziquantel |
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| Eukaryotes helminths |
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| spectrum of action for selected microbial agents, aril done, ribavirin, and acyclovir |
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| viruses |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy |
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| Ascertained by: diffusion Susceptibility test (Kirby Bauer test) Minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) E test (combo of Bauer and MIC Minimum Bactericidal concentration test (MBC) |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, Kirby Bauer test |
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| concentration of chemical is unknown done on agar plates (to see if area around disk is clear of microbes, called the zone of inhibition) only a pass/fail test for growth, does not show if microbes have been killed |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, MIC test |
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| slows down growth with different concentrations of drug turbidity measured |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, E test |
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| combo of MIC and Kirby Bauer tests strip with a concentration gradient of chem. on an agar plate to show minimum concentration of a chemical required to prevent bacterial growth |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, efficacy, MBC test |
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| Uses tubes from MIC test tubes of Dif concentrations poured onto a media media with/without colonies show the concentration of the chemical required to kill the microbe. |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, routes of administration |
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| topical-external application oral- taken with mouth, slow absorption, low levels in blood shot/iv-quick but liver might remove quickly |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects categories, |
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| Toxicity Allergies Disruption fo flora |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, toxicity |
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| the cause of may reactions is unknown drugs might be toxic to kidneys, livers, or nerves all humans have same side effects |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, allergies |
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| reactions are rare in humans, but can be dangerous severe anaphylactic shock is extremely rare, and if not treated immediately results in death |
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| Clinical Considerations in prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs, safety and side effects, disruption of flora |
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| can cause secondary infections overgrowth of normal flora causes a superinfection nosocomial infections- infections from hospitals, often drug resistant |
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| Resistance to drugs, development of resistance, non-genetic |
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| intracellular parasite will hide inside host cells to prevent detection/ exposure to drugs production of biofilms to prevent exposure to drugs |
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| Resistance to drugs, development of resistance, genetic |
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| mutations in chromosomal genes the acquisition of R plasmids through conjugation, transduction, or transformation |
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| Resistance to drugs,Mechanisms of resistance |
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| Production of drug deactivating enzyme (beta lactamase) cell membrane slowing drug absorption/pumping drug out of cell microbe's metabolic chemical/method changes (bact. no longer making folic acid but instead consuming it) |
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| Resistance to drugs, mechanisms of resistance, super bugs |
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| any microbe that has become resistant to 3 or more drugs (MRSA, VRSA) |
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| Resistance to drugs, mechanisms of resistance, cross resistance |
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| resistance to one drug causes a resistance to other, similar drugs, such as different forms of penicillin |
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| Resistance to drugs, retarding resistance |
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| following prescriptions completely to the dot not taking drugs unnecessarily (like antibiotics for a cold) |
