Microbiology Exam 1 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| True or False: Archaea contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. |
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| False |
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| Which microorganism class are extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles. |
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| Archaea |
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| True or False: Fungi are prokaryotes |
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| False Eukaryotes |
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| True or False: Yeasts are unicellular fungi |
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| True |
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| What type of motility does a sporozoan have? |
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| No motility |
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| Amoebae move via what method of motility? |
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| Pseudopods |
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| Photosynthetic eukaryotes are also known as _______? |
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| Algae |
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| Who proposed the cell theory? |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| Who discovered microorganisms? |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation |
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| Pasteur and Tyndall |
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| Who developed the vaccine for anthrax? Rabies? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Who proposed aseptic technique? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| True or False: Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory |
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| True |
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| What scientist(s) was/were credited for discovering fermentation? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Who is known as the father of antiseptic surgery? |
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| Lister |
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| True or False: Lister was known for using carbolic acid. |
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| true |
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| Who postulated the germ theory? |
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| Koch |
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| Who identified the microbes which caused anthrax rabies etc? |
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| Koch |
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| What scientist created micro. media and streak plates? |
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| Koch |
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| Who discovered penicillin> |
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| Alexander fleming |
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| What term means to measure the relative velocity of light passing through an objective? |
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| Refractive index |
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| Basic dyes have what charged ion? Acidic ions? Purpose of each. |
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| Basic - positive - stains bacteria Acidic - negative - stains background |
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| What are the functions of granules in a bacterial cell? |
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| To hold nutrients |
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| What cell structure in bacteria helps adhesion to various other substances? |
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| Fimbraie |
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| Function of pilus/ |
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| Transfer DNA to other cells |
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| Axial filament function? |
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| locomotion |
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| What is the virulence factor and what is it composed of? |
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| prevents phagocytosis but enhancing adhesion Made up of sugars |
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| What composes the cell envelope? |
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| Anything external to the cytoplasm |
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| True or False: Gram + bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer than gram - |
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| False |
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| True or False: Techoic acids are part of the peptidoglycan layer |
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| true |
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| What is the function of techoic acids? |
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| to prevent cell wall breakdown |
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| True or False: Only gram positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space |
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| False Only gram negative does |
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| True or False: Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria contain porins. |
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| False Only gram negative |
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| Why is mycoplasma considered to be an atypical cell wall |
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| No cell wall (Only sterol membrane) |
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| Why is mycobacterium considered atypical? |
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| It contains mycolic acids in the cell wall |
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| Where does ATP production occur at in a bacterial cell? |
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| Plasma membrane |
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| What is group translocation and describe its locomotion? |
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| Group translocation describes a mode of active transport that requires PEP. It chemically alters the transported material during transport |
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| What % of the cytoplasm is water/ |
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| 80 percent |
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| True or False: If a bacterial cell does not contain a plasmid, it cannot survive. |
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| false plasmids are typically not required to survive |
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| Describe the morphology of a bacterial cell dna? |
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| Small, circular, dsDNA |
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| What is the size of the ribosomal subunits for prokaryotes and what is the total size? |
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| 70s with 50s and 30s subunits |
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| What is a vibros cell shaped like? |
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| Half circle, bacilli |
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| What is the ribosome size and subunit size of a eukaryotic cell? |
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| 80s with 60s and 40s subunits |
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| Via the Embden Meyerhoff pathway, what does glucose produce? |
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| 2 pyruvate, 2 atp, 2 nadh |
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| Via fermentation, how many atp molecules can be produced by one glucose molecule |
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| 2 |
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| What is the main source of carbon for photoautotrophs? |
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| CO2 |
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| What is the main source of carbon for photoheterotrophs? |
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| Organic compounds |
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| Chemoautotrophs use ___________ as the chief source for energy? Use ___________ as principle carbon source. |
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| electrons from reduced inorganic compounds CO2 |
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| Chemoherterotrophs use _____________ as the main source of energy? Use _________ as principle carbon source. |
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| hydrogen ions from organic compounds carbon comes from same source as energy |
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| True or false: Bacteria, fungi, and animals are considered chemoautotrophs. |
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| False: They are chemoheterotrophs |
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| What is an amphibolic pathwya? |
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| One that does anabolic and catabolic functions |
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| Optimal environment for a psychrophile? |
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| Below 15 deg. C |
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| Optimal environment for a mesophile? |
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| 20 - 40 deg. C |
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| Optimal environment for a thermophile? |
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| Above 45 deg. C |
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| Optimal environment for a halophile? |
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| Salt concentration above 2% |
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| What 4 elements are needed for bacterial cell growth? What other 2 factors are needed? |
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| Carbon, nitrogen, sulfer, phosphorus Trace elements (cofactors) Organic growth factors (vitamins) |
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| What is another name for a capnophile optimal environment? |
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| Microaerophile Lower O2 [ ] and higher CO2 [ ] than present in atmosphere |
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| Function of superoxide dismuatse? |
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| Get rid of O2 radical |
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| Function of catalase? |
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| Break down H2O2 into H20 and O2 |
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| True or False: An oxidizing medium is required for an anaerobe culture. |
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| False A reducing medium |
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| Function of pallidium in anaerobic chamber? |
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| Gets rid of O2 |
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| Function of a selective medium? |
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| Suppress unwanted bacterial growth |
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| Blood agar is what type of medium? MacConkey agar? Mannitol Salt agar? |
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| Blood agar - differential MacConkey - differential and selective Mannitol salt - selective |
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| Disinfectant vs antiseptic |
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| disinfected - used on inert substances antiseptic - used on living tissue |
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| Time in min. required to know thermal death point? |
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| 10 min |
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| What is the decimal reduction time? |
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| time in min. that it takes to kill 90 percent of bacteria |
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| How does moist heat kill? |
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| Breaking H-bonds and coagulating proteins |
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| How long does it take an autoclave to kill pathogens? |
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| 15 mins |
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| describe HTST? |
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| 72 deg C for 15 sec |
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| How does ionizing radiation work? (h20) |
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| By forming highly reactive hydroyl radicals |
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| Chemically defined synthetic medium? |
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| Exact chemical structure is known for every substance |
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| Complex medium? |
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| Atleast 1 exact structure is unknown |
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| How do UV rays kill and cause mutations? |
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| Formation of thymine dimers |
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| How do phenol and its derivatives kill? |
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| Injures plasma membrane, inhibits enzymes and protein function |
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| What is the number one disinfectant here at ruby? How does it work? |
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| Hibiclens Works by damaging plasma membrane (not sporicidal) |
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| What is the second rated surgical scrub? How does it work? |
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| Betadine Works by oxidizing SH groups of pathgens by combining with tyrosine |
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| Hypochlorous acid aka _______? |
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| Bleach |
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| How do heavy metals disinfect? |
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| By combining with SH groups |
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| Surfactants disinfect by ____________? |
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| Mechanical methods (scrubbing) |
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| True or False: Quaternary Ammonia Compounds are anionic. |
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| False Cationic |
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| True or False: Quaternary Ammonia Compounds work better on gram - positive rather than gram - negative. |
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| true |
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| Cepacol and Zephiran are what type of disinfectants? |
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| Quaternary Ammonia Compounds |
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| How does formaldehyde work as a disinfectant? |
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| Forms covalent cross-links with organic compounds |
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| What type of disinfectant is ethylene oxide and how does it work? |
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| Gaseous Chemosterilizer Works by denaturing proteins |
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| True or False: H2O2 is a good disinfectant for open wounds. |
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| True By NOT a good antiseptic |
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| True or False: Constituitive enzymes are produced only when needed |
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| false they are constantly produced |
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| How does a repressor work? |
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| Represses the ability of RNA pol. to initiate transcription |
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| What are inducible enzymes? |
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| enzymes synthesized in the presence of an enzyme |
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| What region of a lac operon codes for the repressor? |
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| I region |
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| What molecule binds to the lac operon to initiate transcription? |
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| RNA pol. |
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| A lac operon repressor will bind to which region? |
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| O region |
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| What lactose and glucose are present, the lac operon is _____________. |
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| Repressed |
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| How are genes transferred between bacteria? (form, not method) |
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| As naked DNA |
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| What form must the genetic material be in for bacterial conjugation to occur? |
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| Plasmid form |
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| True or False: Conjugating cells must be opposite type? |
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| true |
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| True or False: Bacterial conjugation occurs by direct cell-to-cell contact |
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| true |
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| An F+ cell is described as? F- Cell? |
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| F + donor cell with plasmid F - donor cell without plasmid |
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| How does an HFr cell occur? |
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| If the F factor of one cell moves into the chromosome of a cell without an F factor |
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| Lysogenic is described as... |
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| incorporating dna into bacterial chromosome |
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| True or False: Bacterial transduction involves a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) |
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| true |
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| What is another name for transposable genes? |
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| jumping sequences |
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| during recombinant gene formation, what role does reverse transcriptase play with mRNA? |
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| it digests mRNA |
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| What produces DNA from an mRNA template? |
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| reverse transcriptase |
