Microbiology Chapter 15 – Flashcards

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The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of
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innate immunity
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Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis?
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dendritic cells
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Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is
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the third line of defense.
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Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?
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eosinophils
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Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes?
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mouth, nasal cavity, and urinary system
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Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of
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both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.
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Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is false?
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It has goblet cells.
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Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?
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Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes.
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Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"?
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the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body
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Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?
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The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.
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Which of the following are chemotactic factors for phagocytes?
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chemokines and peptide fragments from complement
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Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is true?
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They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.
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Mucus and sweat contain ________ which damage and kill bacteria
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antimicrobial peptides
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The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to
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both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.
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Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true?
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Its activation is independent of antibodies
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Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?
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the range of microbe types that can be targeted
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Which of the following cells can use nonphagocytic means to kill bacteria?
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both eosinophils and neutrophils
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Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?
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microglial cells; spleen
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Receptors known as NOD proteins detect molecules associated with microbes
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in the cytoplasm
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Which of the following leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue with methylene blue?
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basophils
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Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?
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monocyte
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The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as
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responders to invasion.
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Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?
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defensins
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Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?
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formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide
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Which of the following iron-binding proteins is NOT part of the body's iron storage and transport system?
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siderophores
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Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?
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TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes
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Alpha and beta interferons
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are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages
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Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes?
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gamma interferons
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Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?
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C3
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Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature
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increases the effectiveness of interferons
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Which of the following substances is responsible for the edema associated with inflammation?
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both leukotrienes and histamine
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?
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a tumor
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How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?
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It acts as an antiprostaglandin.
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Which of the following leukocyte functions do macrophages carry out?
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phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes
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Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes?
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They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells
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The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as
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the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus
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Opsonization is
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the coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis
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Wandering macrophages recognize microorganisms by means of
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both TLRs and NOD proteins
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The ________ play a role in preventing neoplastic cells from progressing to cancer.
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NK cells
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Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils?
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They secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites
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Structures and products of pathogens that immune cells detect and respond to are called
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PAMPs.
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TLRs are
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phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
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The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes
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are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells
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First line of defense may be described as
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intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth
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Lectins specific for mannose can lead to attack on fungi by
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complement
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Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses
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true
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The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion
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false
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Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.
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true
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The various phagocytic cells of the second line of defense target specific microbes by their unique structures.
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false
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Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial molecules.
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true
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The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway
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false
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Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.
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true
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The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature
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true
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Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.
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true
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Inflammation is an important part of the body's first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.
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false
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The first and second lines of defense respond to invading microbes by (specific/nonspecific) mechanisms.
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nonspecific
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The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as (natural/innate/species) resistance.
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species
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Sweat glands produce (lysozyme/dermcidin/acid), which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.
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lysozyme
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The (epithelial/goblet/mucous) cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus
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goblet
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The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria is (sebum/sweat/serum).
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sebum
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The normal microbiota compete with pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as microbial (antagonism/competition/resistance).
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antagonism
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In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.
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hematopiesis
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The process known as (complement/inflammation/phagocytosis) brings a variety of physical, chemical and cellular factors together to fight invading microorganisms.
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inflammation
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Neutrophils use their own (DNA/RNA/TLR) in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria
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DNA
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The proportion of (plasma/leukocytes/RBCs), as determined by a differential white blood cell count, can serve as a sign of disease.
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leukocytes
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In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of (cilia/flagella/pseudopodia) to move toward the microorganism.
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pseudopodia
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The redness and heat of acute inflammation are caused in part by the production of (bradykinin/platelets/fibrinogen) during the formation of blood clots.
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bradykinin
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Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, whereas eosinophils and (MAC/NK/NOD) lymphocytes can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins. (Be sure to use capital letters in your answer.)
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NK
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Intact skin layers are part of the body's (first/second/third) line of defense against pathogens.
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first
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Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens) to cause fever.
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pyrogens
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