question

The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of

answer

innate immunity

question

Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis?

answer

dendritic cells

question

Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is

answer

the third line of defense.

question

Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?

answer

eosinophils

question

Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes?

answer

mouth, nasal cavity, and urinary system

question

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

answer

both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is false?

answer

It has goblet cells.

question

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

answer

Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes.

question

Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"?

answer

the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body

question

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

answer

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

question

Which of the following are chemotactic factors for phagocytes?

answer

chemokines and peptide fragments from complement

question

Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is true?

answer

They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.

question

Mucus and sweat contain ________ which damage and kill bacteria

answer

antimicrobial peptides

question

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to

answer

both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

question

Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true?

answer

Its activation is independent of antibodies

question

Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?

answer

the range of microbe types that can be targeted

question

Which of the following cells can use nonphagocytic means to kill bacteria?

answer

both eosinophils and neutrophils

question

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?

answer

microglial cells; spleen

question

Receptors known as NOD proteins detect molecules associated with microbes

answer

in the cytoplasm

question

Which of the following leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue with methylene blue?

answer

basophils

question

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

answer

monocyte

question

The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as

answer

responders to invasion.

question

Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?

answer

defensins

question

Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?

answer

formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide

question

Which of the following iron-binding proteins is NOT part of the body's iron storage and transport system?

answer

siderophores

question

Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?

answer

TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes

question

Alpha and beta interferons

answer

are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages

question

Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes?

answer

gamma interferons

question

Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?

answer

C3

question

Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature

answer

increases the effectiveness of interferons

question

Which of the following substances is responsible for the edema associated with inflammation?

answer

both leukotrienes and histamine

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?

answer

a tumor

question

How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?

answer

It acts as an antiprostaglandin.

question

Which of the following leukocyte functions do macrophages carry out?

answer

phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes

question

Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes?

answer

They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells

question

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

answer

the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus

question

Opsonization is

answer

the coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis

question

Wandering macrophages recognize microorganisms by means of

answer

both TLRs and NOD proteins

question

The ________ play a role in preventing neoplastic cells from progressing to cancer.

answer

NK cells

question

Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils?

answer

They secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites

question

Structures and products of pathogens that immune cells detect and respond to are called

answer

PAMPs.

question

TLRs are

answer

phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs

question

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes

answer

are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells

question

First line of defense may be described as

answer

intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth

question

Lectins specific for mannose can lead to attack on fungi by

answer

complement

question

Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses

answer

true

question

The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion

answer

false

question

Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.

answer

true

question

The various phagocytic cells of the second line of defense target specific microbes by their unique structures.

answer

false

question

Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial molecules.

answer

true

question

The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway

answer

false

question

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

answer

true

question

The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature

answer

true

question

Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

answer

true

question

Inflammation is an important part of the body's first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.

answer

false

question

The first and second lines of defense respond to invading microbes by (specific/nonspecific) mechanisms.

answer

nonspecific

question

The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as (natural/innate/species) resistance.

answer

species

question

Sweat glands produce (lysozyme/dermcidin/acid), which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.

answer

lysozyme

question

The (epithelial/goblet/mucous) cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus

answer

goblet

question

The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria is (sebum/sweat/serum).

answer

sebum

question

The normal microbiota compete with pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as microbial (antagonism/competition/resistance).

answer

antagonism

question

In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.

answer

hematopiesis

question

The process known as (complement/inflammation/phagocytosis) brings a variety of physical, chemical and cellular factors together to fight invading microorganisms.

answer

inflammation

question

Neutrophils use their own (DNA/RNA/TLR) in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria

answer

DNA

question

The proportion of (plasma/leukocytes/RBCs), as determined by a differential white blood cell count, can serve as a sign of disease.

answer

leukocytes

question

In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of (cilia/flagella/pseudopodia) to move toward the microorganism.

answer

pseudopodia

question

The redness and heat of acute inflammation are caused in part by the production of (bradykinin/platelets/fibrinogen) during the formation of blood clots.

answer

bradykinin

question

Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, whereas eosinophils and (MAC/NK/NOD) lymphocytes can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins. (Be sure to use capital letters in your answer.)

answer

NK

question

Intact skin layers are part of the body's (first/second/third) line of defense against pathogens.

answer

first

question

Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens) to cause fever.

answer

pyrogens

Microbiology Chapter 15 – Flashcards

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