question

Which of the following taxonomic kingdoms were recognized by Linnaeus? A. protozoa, plants, and animals B.fungi, plants, and animals C.plants and animals D.plants, animals, and bacteria

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C.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a fungus? A.algae B.yeasts C. mushrooms D.molds

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A.

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Microbiologists study parasitic worms because __________. A.they usually contain bacteria and other microbes B.they cause diseases that are diagnosed by finding microscopic eggs in clinical specimens C.they were not studied by early microbiologists D.they are microscopic as adults

answer

B.

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Which of the following is a true statement concerning bacteria and archaea? A.Bacteria and archaea have identical types of cell walls. B.Bacteria reproduce asexually, while archaea reproduce sexually. C.Bacteria are often found in sufficiently dry environments. D.No archaea are known to cause disease in humans.

answer

D.

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What was Leeuwenhoek's contribution to the science of microbiology? A.He developed the vaccine for smallpox. B.He discovered some of the ways in which microbes can be transmitted between individuals. C.He developed the first microscope. D.He did experiments supporting the idea of spontaneous generation.

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C.

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How are the bacteria and the archaea different from all the other cellular microbes? A.They reproduce asexually. B.They can move. C.They have cell walls. D.They have no nucleus.

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D.

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A microorganism has the following characteristics: eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and grows in long filaments. What is its general classification? A.protozoan B.fungus C.bacterium D. parasitic worm

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B.

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Modern biologists had to revise Linnaeus's system of taxonomy because __________. A.he did not know that some organisms reproduce asexually B.he only classified organisms found in Sweden C.he thought all organisms spontaneously generated D.he grouped all organisms into only two categories

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D.

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A.prove the germ theory. B.develop a taxonomic system. C.use a magnifying glass. D.disprove spontaneous generation. E.view protozoa and bacteria.

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E.

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The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile. A.bacteria B.archaea C.fungi D.viruses E.protozoa

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E.

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Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE? A.they provide most of the oxygen on Earth. B.they are photosynthetic organisms. C.they are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals. D.they are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals. E..the group includes seaweeds and kelps.

answer

D.

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Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? A.yeast are unicellular. B.fungi have a cell wall. C.molds form hyphae. D.fungi are eukaryotes. E.fungi are photosynthetic.

answer

E.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A.they are visible with a light microscope. B.they are composed of genetic material and protein. C.they are obligatory parasites. D.they are acellular. E.they are smaller than prokaryotic cells.

answer

A.

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Microbiology

answer

study of organisms too small to be seen without magn.

question

Prokaryotes

answer

lack nucleus and other intern struc, small, simple ( bact. And arch.)

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Eukaryote

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have nucleus, internal memb., large, complex, (alg.,pro., fun. Anim, pl)

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major groups of microorganisms

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Bacteria Archaea Algae Protozoa Animals Plants

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Leeuwenhoek

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to observe microbes, magnified 300X, 1674-1723

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Redi

answer

1668, meat in jar, flies, disproove spontaneous generation

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Schwann

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air was source of microbes, prove by air flask, strong chemicals, prevention.

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Pasteur

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disproved spont. Gen., by prevent dust part.,1861 complete exper

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Jablot

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hay infusion, opened vessel develop microor, help disprove, spon. Gen.

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Tyndall

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after pasteurs' results,sterilize thigns, heat resistant forms of life...

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Cohn

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1876, also discovered heat resist. Form of bacteria, now termed ENDOSPORES!!!

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Needham

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boiled beef gravy, and plantinfus, seald, still develp bact. Pool

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Spallanzani

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- boiled longer, and sealed to disprove (maybe air was needed to grow)

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Jenner

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worked with smallpox, noticed milkmaids contract similar cowpox didn't get it, inoculated gardener's son with cowpoz lesion, boy contracted mild cowpox, (intentionally exposed boy and found was immune.

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"Golden Age of Microbiology"

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1860-1900, rapid advances, b Pasteur and Koch. ..as a science

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Pasteur

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1864, microbes and disease in preventing wine from spoil as pasteurization...kills bacteria in alcohol by heat. ( vinegar)

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Lister

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medical procedures and microbe diseases, spracyed (phenol) in dressings, wounds instruments, reduced deaths by 66%. Aseptic technique

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Koch

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1876, proved germ theory of disease, show bacteria actually caused disea. Developed experimental steps a specific microbe to a specific disease. Postulates!!! 1884, developed more staining technique, dyes, purple = +, neg.+ -

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Koch's postulates

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1.Find evidence of particular microbs in every case. 2.Isolate microbe from infect subj, and cultivate in lab. 3.Inoculate a susceptible healthy subj. with isolated from lab. 4.Reisolate microb from the subj.

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Ehrlich

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1890's, magic bullet would find and destroy pathogens but not harm host...discovered chemicals could treat sleeping sickness and syphilis, chemotherapy!!!

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Fleming

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1928,observed growth of staphyloccus aureus, inhibit in colony of nold, mold identitifed and active penicillin ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS WAS BEGINNING!!!

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atomic structure

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protons+, neutrons (neutral) [nucleus], electrons - surrounding.

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Ionic

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have positive(cation) and negative (anion) charges, attract eachother, for ionic bonds....NO ELECTRONS SHARED, ..form salts

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Hydrogen

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weak forces comb with polar coval bond, electrical attraction between H+ and full or partial nega on same molecule or differ., weaker than covalent, essential for life.

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Carbohydrates

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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, longterm storage of chemical energy, ready energy sourc, backbones of nucleic acid, converts to amino acids, form cell wall, (types (mono-, Di-, and Poly-saccharides)

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Proteins

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, structure, enzymatic catalysis, regulation, transport, defense and offense.

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Lipids

answer

no reg subunits, hydrophobic (groups fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids)

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Amino acids

answer

-monomers make up proteins, use 21 amino acids in synthesis of proteins, covalent bond (peptid btwn amino acids by dehydration

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Nucleic acids

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DNA and RNA, genetic material, RNA als is enzyme binds amino acids forms polypeptides. nucleotides are monomers make up nucleic acids, (phosphate, pentose, one of 5 cyclic nitrogenous bases)

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Glycocalyx

answer

sticky, surrounds outside of cell contains polysaccharide, polypept, or both.

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Two Types of Glycocalyx

answer

Capsule, Slime layer

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Capsule

answer

=repeating units of organic chem., firmly attached to surface of cell,, may prevent bact. to be recogn. By host

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Slime Layer

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loosely attached, water soluble, sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces.

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Flagella

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movement, long structures extend beyond cell surface, not on all bact. Structure=filament, book, basal body (anchors filament and hook to cell wall by a rod..) Function=rotation propels bact through environment, rotation reversible or clockwise, Runs tumbles

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Fimbriae

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sticky bristlelike projections,shorter than flagella,used to adhere, important for biofilms.

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Pili

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special type of fimbria, conjugation pili, longer than fimbria but shorter than flagella, have only one or 2 per cell, mediate transfer of DNA from 1 cell to another.

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Bacterial Cell walls

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provide structure, protect, assist some in attaching to other cells or resist antimicrobial drugs, target bacteria with antibiotics, composed of peptidoglycan,

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Gram-positive

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= thick layer of peptidoglycan, contain polyalcohols (teichoic acids), purple, 60% mycolic acid in acid fast bacteria...helps survive desiccation.

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Gram-negative

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thin layer of peptidoglycan, bilayers outside peptide...contains phospholipids, proteins, and LPS, may be impediment to treatment of diseas, pink!!!

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NAG

answer

= N-acetylglucosamine, similar to glucose, "glycan"

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NAM

answer

= N-acetylmuramic acid, similar to glucose, "glycan"

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Teichoic acid

answer

chemical in peptidoglycan

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Lipotechoic acid

answer

= formed when teichoic acids are covalently linked to lipids.

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LPS=

answer

Lipopolysaccharide, outerleaflet

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Lipid A

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lipid portion of LPS.

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Endotoxin

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toxic released by lipid A, killing drug, cause fever, vasodialation.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

answer

describes our current understanding of membrane structure, membrane proteins arrangedin a way that resembles the tiles ina mosaic, fluid free to flow

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Cytoplasmic membrane

answer

= separate contents of cell from outside, produce moleculses for energy storage,

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Diffusion

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net movement of a chemical down its concentration, high to low.

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Facilitated DIffusion

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proteins provide a pathway for diffusion, no energy,

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, but it not to solutes, high to low, water follows salt.

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Group Translocation

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an active process that occurs only in some bacteria., actively transport across membrane chemically changed...

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Cytoplasm

answer

gelatinous material inside a cell, fluid, elastic, aqueous.

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Inclusion

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Deposits, within bacterial cytosol.

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Ribosomes

answer

= sites of protein synthesis in cells

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Edospores

answer

durability and pathogenicity

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Cytoskeleton

answer

an internal network of fibers, plays a role in cell's shape.

Microbiology Chapter 1: History of Microbiology – Flashcards

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